What do you think are four of the most significant challenges…

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Question Answered step-by-step What do you think are four of the most significant challenges… What do you think are four of the most significant challenges facing NYC today? Discuss each of them. What can we learn from our city’s history to help explain those challenges and how we might best address them?  Social Science Sociology SOC 322 Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)

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Which finding is associated with cellular hypoxia? pH 7.5 and...1. Which finding is associated with cellular hypoxia?pH 7.5 and acidosispH 7.2 and alkalosispH 7.25 and acidosispH 7.35 and alkalosis2.A deficit of oxygen in the cells is called:apoptosis.ischemia.hypoxia.necrosis. 3Apoptosis of red blood cells at 120 days refers to:            Increased rate of development of cells                         Preprogrammed cell self-destructionThe process of storing extra red blood cells in the spleenIschemic damage to the cells 4Why is amputation required in some clients with diabetes?Necrosis and gangrene in the feet and legsLack of glucose to the cells in the feet and legsSevere dehydration in the tissuesElevated blood glucose increasing blood viscosity 5Early signs of hyperglycemia include polyphagia, which means:Excessive thirst.Increased urine output.Excessive hunger.Glucose in the urine. 6: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic state (HHNS) more frequently develops in patients with:type 1 diabetes.type 2 diabetes.Grave's disease.hyperparathyroidism. 7Polydipsia occurs with diabetes mellitus when:lack of insulin causes hunger.ketone levels rise in the blood.polyuria causes dehydration.glucosuria causes ketoacidosis. 8Which of the following is NOT a complication of diabetes?OsteoporosisNephropathyImpotencePeripheral neuropathy 9Which of the following may indicate hypoglycemia in a person with diabetes?Deep, rapid respirationsFlushed dry skin and mucosaThirst and oliguriaStaggering gait, disorientation, and confusion 10What causes loss of consciousness in a person with diabetic ketoacidosis?Toxic effects of excessive insulinExcessive glucose in the bloodMetabolic acidosisLack of glucose in brain cells 11Why does glucosuria occur in a client with diabetes?Excess ketoacids displace glucose into the filtrate.Excess water in the filtrate draws more glucose into the urine.Glucose in the filtrate exceeds the renal tubule transport limit.Sufficient insulin is not available for glucose reabsorption. 12Gestational diabetes ______the risk of developing diabetes:IncreasesDecreasesDoes not changeHas minimal effect on 13Why does polyuria develop with diabetes mellitus?Increased thirst and hypoglycemiaKetoacidosisOsmotic pressure due to glucoseDiabetic nephropathy 14A compensation mechanism occurring in the early stage of diabetic ketoacidosis is:Kussmaul's respirations.polydipsia.ketonuria.insulin resistance. 15What kind of control mechanism is demonstrated when increased blood glucose levels stimulate increased secretion of insulin?Control by releasing hormonesControl by tropic hormonesNegative feedback controlPositive feedback control 16 Which of the following may cause insulin shock to develop?Strenuous exerciseMissing an insulin doseEating excessively large mealsSedentary lifestyle 17Destruction of alveolar walls and septae is a typical change in:emphysema.asbestosis.acute asthma.chronic bronchitis. 18Which factors contribute to postoperative atelectasis?1. Decreased secretions in the airways2. Drug-related respiratory depression3. Abdominal distention and pain4. Excessive deep-breathing and coughing1, 22, 31, 43, 4 19Which of the following is typical of chronic bronchitis?Overinflation of bronchioles and alveoliFormation of blebs or bullae on the lung surfaceDecreased activity of the mucous glandsFibrosis of the bronchial wall 20Obstruction in the upper airway is usually indicated by:orthopnea.wheezing.stridor.rales. 21The maximum volume of air a person can exhale after a maximum inspiration is termed the:expiratory reserve volume.inspiratory reserve volume.total lung capacity.vital capacity. 22Choose the correct reason for severe hypoxia occurring with pulmonary edema:Increased concentration of CO2 impairs diffusion of oxygen.Diffusion of oxygen into the alveoli is impaired.Fluid in the pleural cavity prevents normal lung expansion.Increased blood flow through the lungs prevents diffusion of gases. 23Hemoptysis is a significant sign of:atelectasis.pulmonary embolus.pleural effusion.pulmonary edema. 24 What would hypercapnia cause?Decreased carbonic acid in the bloodDecreased respirationsRespiratory acidosisIncreased serum pH 25 When does active (secondary) infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis with tissue destruction occur?When the BCG vaccine is not administered immediately following exposure to the microbeWhen Ghon complexes form in the lungsWhen a hypersensitivity reaction is initiatedWhen host resistance is decreased 26 What is a large-sized pulmonary embolus likely to cause?Atelectasis and respiratory failureHypotension and right-sided heart failureHypertension and left-sided heart failurePleural effusion and atelectasis 27wheezing may result from:          bronchospasm                       inflammation                          increased secretions                            all of the above 28 Which diagnostic test is typically used to diagnose asthma?                      Pulmonary function tests                           Oxygen saturation                        CXR                      Arterial blood gases  29 Lobar pneumonia is usually caused by:Legionella pneumophila.Pneumocystis carinii.Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Streptococcus pneumoniae. 30 Light bubbly or crackling breathing sounds associated with serous secretions are called:rales.wheezing.rhonchi.stridor. 31 Which of the following describes lobar pneumonia?Opportunistic bacteria causing low-grade fever with cough and thick greenish sputumSudden onset of fever and chills, with rales and rusty sputumInsidious onset, diffuse interstitial infectionViral infection causing nonproductive cough and pleuritic pain 32 White patchy areas  with an area of consolidation on a CXR may indicate:               Pneumonia        Asthma Airway obstruction None of the above 33Which manifestation(s) of atelectasis is/are associated with airway obstruction?Decreased breath sounds on the affected sideTracheal deviation toward the unaffected sideRales and rhonchiBradycardia and dyspnea 34 What happens in the lungs when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax?Air is forced out of the lungs.Intrapleural pressure decreases.Lung volume increases.Intrapulmonic pressure decreases. 35 Which of the following confirms the presence of active (reinfection) tuberculosis?A history of exposure to individuals being treated for TBIdentification of acid-fast bacilli in a sputum sampleA calcified tubercle shown on a chest X-rayA positive skin test for TB 36 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a/an:mycoplasma.rhinovirus.influenza virus.coronavirus. 37 What is the pathophysiology of an acute attack of extrinsic asthma?A hypersensitivity reaction involving release of chemical mediatorsContinuous severe attacks unresponsive to medicationHyperresponsive mucosaGradual degeneration and fibrosis38 The central chemoreceptors in the medulla are normally most sensitive to:elevated oxygen level.low concentration of hydrogen ions.elevated carbon dioxide level.low oxygen level. 39 Select the statement related to tuberculosis:The microbe is present in the sputum of all patients with a positive TB skin test.The infection is transmitted primarily by blood from an infected person.TB is usually caused by an acid-fast bacillus, resistant to many disinfectants.The microbe is quickly destroyed by the immune response. 40: The production of yellowish-green, cloudy, thick sputum is often an indication of:emphysema.damage of lung tissue due to smoking.cancer tumor.bacterial infection. 41 What does the term hemoptysis refer to?Bright red streaks of blood in frothy sputumReddish-brown granular blood found in vomitusThick, dark red sputum associated with pneumococcal infectionBloody exudate in the pleural cavity 42 A 25 year old patient with cyanosis, a silent chest and minimal chest expansion on ausculation may be experiencing:                Pneumonia                      status asthmaticus                        COPD                  Deep sleep 43Which of the following statements does NOT apply to M. tuberculosis?Infection is limited to the lungs.Microbes can survive for a long time inside tubercles.The bacilli can be destroyed by antibacterial drugs.The bacilli can survive some adverse conditions such as drying and heat. 44 What is the most common cause of viral pneumonia?Haemophilus influenzaePneumococcusRhinovirusInfluenza virus 45 What cause the expanded anteroposterior (A-P) thoracic diameter (barrel chest) in patients with emphysema?Air trapping and hyperinflationDilated bronchi and increased mucous secretionsRecurrent damage to lung tissuesPersistent coughing to remove mucus 46 The following joints are mainly affected in Rheumatoid Arthritis:Hands, neck and vertebraeHands, knees and feetHands elbows and hipsKnees, hips and ankles47 Why are postmenopausal women at risk for osteoporosis?                        Decreased estrogen decreases bone mineral density                      Increased estrogen decreases bone mineral density                       Decreased progesterone descreases bone mineral density                          Calcium intake is low 48 A decrease in bone mass and density is most frequently associated with: Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Osteoporosis Osteoplasia 49 Which of the following would alert the nurse to the possibility of a fat embolism?Petechiae on the chestRespiratory rate of 21 bpmProlonged expirationIncreased blood lipids 50 Which of the following would suggest that a client with a fracture of the right femur may have developed a fat embolus?Numbness in the right legMuscle spasms in the right thighMigraine type headacheAcute respiratory distress 51 Which of the following signs may be present with osteoporosis and why:Kyphosis due to fractured vertebraeLordosis due to loss of muscle mass in spineLoss of height due to atrophy of spinal musclesScoliosis due to weak spinal ligaments 52 Which of the following statements does NOT apply to osteoporosis?Bone resorption is greater than bone formation.It causes compression fractures of the vertebrae.Osteoporosis is always a primary disorder.It often leads to kyphosis and loss of height.  53 Which of the following is a bone scan most useful for diagnosing?           Fracture                            OsteoarthritisOsteoporosisMultiple Sclerosis 54 The inflammation surrounding a fracture site during the first few days may complicate healing by causing:excessive bone movement.severe ischemia and tissue necrosis.Malunion or nonunion.fat emboli to form. 55Which substance increase one's risk for osteoporosis?CaffeineAlcohol abuseHyperlipidemiaArtificial sweeteners 56 Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of osteoporosis?bone formation exceed resorption Inflammation leads to joint destruction Compact bone formation results in kyphosis bone resorption exceeds formation 57 Unrelieved pain that is disproportionate to the injury is associated with: Osteoarthrtis Greenstick fractures Muscle spasms Compartment syndrome 58 Which of the following would be the most concerning assessment finding with a fracture?Pulse of 1 + Crepitus Shortening of the extremity Compartment syndrome 59Joints affected by osteoarthritis can sometimes affect healthy joints by:causing enzymes to be released that travel to other joints.bacteria traveling from the affected join to a healthy one through the bloodstream.inflammation and edema affecting the entire limb.the affected individual's exerting stress on the normal joint to protect the damaged one. 60 A male client is hospitalized for treatment of a fractured pelvis and has been immobile for 4 days. The nurse is alert for signs and symptoms of what serious complication of immobility:MalnutritionErythemaPulmonary embolismDecreased capillary refill 61 When cells are injured, the inflammatory response is stimulated. This response can cause more cell injury due to:increased blood flow to the area, causing fluid to leave the cell and go into the blood streamincreased blood flow into the area , causing increased pressure, which can cause ischemiaa large number of white blood cells (WBCs) entering the area which can lead to clot formationproduction of bilirubin in the area which is toxic to cells 62 Which of the following is an effect of Addison's disease?Low serum potassium levelsHigh blood pressureElevated blood glucose levelsPoor stress response 63 Which of the following can increase glucose levels in the body? Amylase             Lipase   Cortisol               Renin 64 A patient with blood loss anemia would be expected to have: high hemoglobin, high hematocrit low hemoglobin, low hematocritlow hemoglobin, normal hematocrit                      low hemoglobin, high hematocrit65 Clinical manifestations of anemia can include:fatigue, pallor, and tachycardiashallow breathing, abdominal pain and chest painvisual disturbances, dizziness and shortness of breathDepresstion, shortness of breath, and chronic cough 66 What type of compensatory response occurs with acute blood loss?Parasympathetic stimulation due to epinephrineSympathetic stimulation causing vasoconstrictionMetabolic alkalosis from high levels of carbon dioxideRespiratory acidosis due to tachypnea 67 Which of the following is correct about iron deficiency anemia? It is:Common in people on a ketogenic diet.The result of decreased production of mature RBCs.Most frequent in women of child-bearing age.idiopathic in many cases 68 A 55 year old patient is recovering from a hip replacement performed earlier today. His O2 saturation has dropped from 96% to 91% and he is pale, and lightheaded. BP is 80/50, HR is 120 bpm, RR is 25/min. What is the patient at most risk for? IschemiaCardiogenic shockFalls Hypovolemic shock 69 A 55 year old patient is recovering from a hip replacement performed earlier today. His O2 saturation has dropped from 96% to 89% and he is pale, and lightheaded.. Which of the following lab values might be anticipated?RBC normal, hgb low Hemoglobin 140 g/L, PaO2 90 mmHgHemoglobin 85 g/L, PaO2 75 mmHgHigh hematocrit, low hemoglobin 70A lack of intrinsic factor may lead to:Perennial AnemiaDecrease gastric absorption of B12 Increase absorption of B12 Decreased liver absorption of B12 71 A patient experiencing a very rapid heart rate reduces cardiac output because:ventricular filling is reduced.venous return is increased.         ventricular fibrillation develops immediately.      conduction through the AV node is impaired. 72 A partial obstruction in a coronary artery will likely cause:myocardial infarction.pulmonary embolus.angina attacks.hypertension.  73 A patient with diabetes experiencing a myocardial infarction may present with:1. specific changes in the ECG.2. decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).3. elevation of cardiac isoenzymes.4. a minimal or absent pattern of chest pain.       2, 4        1, 3, 4    1, 2, 3    1, 2 74A compensation for shock would include:increased heart rate and oliguria.weak, thready pulse.warm, dry, flushed skin.lethargy and decreased responsiveness.     75 The patient diagnosed with diabetes asks what the term intermittent claudication refers to. Which answer should the nurse provide?sensory deficit in the legs due to damage to nerves.ischemic muscle pain in the legs, particularly with exercise.dry, cyanotic skin with superficial ulcers.chest pain related to ischemia.Health ScienceScienceNursingNURSING PNP300Share Question
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