Question : Patient History: A person has been referred to an…

Question Answered step-by-step Question : Patient History: A person has been referred to an… Question : Patient History: A person has been referred to an oncologist with symptoms that suggest kidney cancer. They have a pain in their lower back on one side and have recently seen some blood in their urine. Their GP also noticed that their blood pressure was high, and they have lost weight since their last visit. An ultrasound scan highlighted a mass on their kidney and the oncologist requests a biopsy of the mass and draining lymph nodes. Diagnosis: The person is diagnosed with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The affected kidney is removed, and they receive combined immune checkpoint blockade therapy, using both nivolumab and ipilimumab. Given this person’s symptoms and diagnosis, please answer the following questions: 1. What is the tissue of origin for carcinoma? (1 mark) 2. Explain the difference between malignant and metastatic neoplasms. (1 mark) 3. Describe 2 ways that tumours can evade the immune system. (2 marks) 4. Explain how immune checkpoint blockade works and why combining nivolumab and ipilimumab is more effective than either alone.  (3 marks) 5. Cancer can be challenging for T and B cells to target as they are educated to avoid self-antigen through central and peripheral tolerance. Identify where central and peripheral tolerance occur and the key cells and processes involved. (5.5 marks)  Science Health Science SCIENCE ONPS2559 Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)