Question 1. Great unethical disasters have happened because of discrimination based on a. race. b. gender. c. religion. d. all the above 2. The concepts of “do not harm” and “maximize the benefits” are part of the principle of: a. respect for persons. b. beneficence. c. autonomy d. justice 3. The “Nuremberg Code” was developed in response to a. the HIV pandemic. b. the Plutonium Experiment.c. the deliberate flight of a military aircraft through radioactive clouds in the Marshall Islands. d. Nazi experiments on human subjects in concentration camps. 4. How many years after the availability of penicillin was the Tuskegee study of syphilis among black men stopped? a. 27 b. 10 c. 2 d. 1 5. The elderly population is an interesting group to research because: a. the aging process multiplies many medical conditions. b. informed consent is not required in the nursing home setting. c. cultural diversity tends to be absent. d. the complication of using an institutional review board is not required. 6. According to the Declaration of Helsinki, when a potential research subject who is deemed incompetent dissents to participating in a research study, a. the physician can ignore the potential subject’s wishes. b. the potential subject’s dissent should be respected. c. the legally authorized representative makes the ultimate decision. d. the potential subject’s dissent can be ethically ignored, since he or she is incompetent. 7. Medical ethics is guided by the principles of: (Select all that apply)a. autonomyb. beneficencec. malfeasanced. justice 8. In quality of care measures, issues that may arise include: (Select all that apply)a. validityb. reliabilityc. sensitivityd. specificity 9. Surveillance programs should monitor key indicators and focus on areas such as infections or safety problems that are: a. frequent b. high cost c. preventable d. serious effects on morbidity or mortality e. all the above 10. A control chart is a statistical tool that can help users identify variation and use that knowledge to inform the development of changes for improvement. True or False 11.In the model of the Natural History of Disease, the period of time between the onset of signs and symptoms of disease and its ultimate outcome (cure, control, or death) is known as: a. preclinical phase.b. clinical phase.c. clinical horizon.d. incubation period.e. latent period. 12. A recent study found that screening for disease X led to increased survival. In the study, those who were screened were generally younger, healthier, and more aware of their health than those who were not screened. This makes it hard to evaluate whether the improvement in survivorship was due to the screening program or due to the characteristics of those who are screened. What is the name of this issue when evaluating the effect of a screening program? a. Lead time biasb. Overdiagnosis biasc. Selection biasd. Misclassification biase. Length-biased sampling 13. Which of the following statements is the most accurate example of primary prevention?a. Promoting antismoking campaign in the communityb. Taking low-dose computed tomography scan to detect the early stage of lung cancerc. Quitting smoking after diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseased. Removal of malignant lung cancer to reduce the pain from tumore. Participating in cancer rehabilitation programs in primary health care center after surgery 14. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses allow for the integration of multiple findings, and meta-analyses help to aggregate the results from a set of studies to provide a comprehensive answer to an epidemiologic question.What is the name of the chart that is typically used to depict the results of a meta-analysis?a. Forest plotb. Pie chartc. Box plotd. Manhattan plote. Bar chart 15. What of the following is an obligation that researchers have with study participants?a. Provide a financial incentive to participate in the study.b. Provide free treatment for any condition the subjects have.c. Communicate the study results clearly.d. Enroll all family members of the participants if they want to be part of the study.e. Provide free diagnostic procedures, even if those are not related with the study. 16. To abide with the ethical principle of autonomy, epidemiologic research requiresa. epidemiologists to provide financial incentives.b. to obtain participant’s consent before collecting any information.c. to investigate only participants who are in excellent health.d. share participant’s information with any institution.e. that only one researcher is able to access the data collected. 17. In a hypothetical cross-sectional study, marriage was found to be strongly associated with increased levels of happiness. Authors concluded that marriage was a cause of happiness. However, a reviewer of this study argued that because it is a cross-sectional study, it could not be determined whether marriage caused happiness or happiness caused marriage. What criterion of causal relationships was not met in the study according to the reviewer?a. Strength of associationb. Biologic plausibilityc. Dose responsed. Temporal relationshipe. Replication of findings 18. The incidence of disease X is 56/1,000 per year among smokers and 33/1,000 per year among nonsmokers. What proportion of cases of disease X are due to smoking among those who smoke? Calculate attributable riska. 23%b. 33%c. 41%d. 56%e. 59% 19. Investigators think that income might be a confounder in the relationship between Hispanic ethnicity and cardiovascular disease. They conduct a case-control study, and they match cases and controls based on income. They find that Hispanics are more likely to have cardiovascular disease as compared with non-Hispanics. What is the measure of association used in such study?a. Risk ratiob. Relative riskc. Incidence rate ratiod. Attack ratee. Odds ratio 20. Which of the following statements is the most accurate characteristic of cohort studies?a. It is an efficient study designs for studying rare disease.b. The temporality of the exposure preceding the outcome is hard to determine.c. The incidence rate of disease in the exposure group is compared directly to the incidence rate of disease in the unexposed group.d. The exposure and outcomes are captured at the same time.e. The participants are randomly allocated to exposure and nonexposure categories. 21. A physical examination, digital rectal exam, was used to screen for prostate cancer in 290 men with biopsy-proven prostate cancer and in 516 age- and race-matched control men, all of whom showed no evidence of cancer at biopsy. The results of the physical examination were positive in 136 cases and in 165 control men. What is the sensitivity of the physical examination? Hint – construct 2X2 table to solvea. 32%b. 47%c. 56%d. 57%e. Cannot calculate it based on given information 22. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), during the Ebola outbreak of 2014 in West Africa, there were a total of 14,124 Ebola cases in Sierra Leone and 3,956 deaths due to Ebola. What was the case fatality rate in that country?a. 3.5%b. 22%c. 28%d. 3,956e. 14,124 23. The following is a measure of the strength of association, typically used in case-control studies to measure the association between exposure and disease:a. Incidence rateb. Population attributable fractionc. Attributable fractiond. Prevalencee. Odds ratio 24. Calculate odds ratio based on following table:Image transcription textSmoking Status Cases of Coronary Heart Controls of Coronary Totals Disease Heart Disease Smoker 192 156348 Non-Smoker 129 181 310 Total 321 337 658… Show more 25. Among 13,963,753 males and 14,272325 females, there were 20,734 cases of prostate cancer and 19,307 cases of female breast cancer. Calculate the incidence of prostate cancer 26. Calculate the relative risk based on the following table: Health Science Science Nursing NUR 743 Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)
Question 1. Great unethical disasters have happened because of discrimination based on a. race. b. gender. c. religion. d. all the above 2. The concepts of “do not harm” and “maximize the benefits” are part of the principle of: a. respect for persons. b. beneficence. c. autonomy d. justice 3. The “Nuremberg Code” was developed in response to a. the HIV pandemic. b. the Plutonium Experiment.c. the deliberate flight of a military aircraft through radioactive clouds in the Marshall Islands. d. Nazi experiments on human subjects in concentration camps. 4. How many years after the availability of penicillin was the Tuskegee study of syphilis among black men stopped? a. 27 b. 10 c. 2 d. 1 5. The elderly population is an interesting group to research because: a. the aging process multiplies many medical conditions. b. informed consent is not required in the nursing home setting. c. cultural diversity tends to be absent. d. the complication of using an institutional review board is not required. 6. According to the Declaration of Helsinki, when a potential research subject who is deemed incompetent dissents to participating in a research study, a. the physician can ignore the potential subject’s wishes. b. the potential subject’s dissent should be respected. c. the legally authorized representative makes the ultimate decision. d. the potential subject’s dissent can be ethically ignored, since he or she is incompetent. 7. Medical ethics is guided by the principles of: (Select all that apply)a. autonomyb. beneficencec. malfeasanced. justice 8. In quality of care measures, issues that may arise include: (Select all that apply)a. validityb. reliabilityc. sensitivityd. specificity 9. Surveillance programs should monitor key indicators and focus on areas such as infections or safety problems that are: a. frequent b. high cost c. preventable d. serious effects on morbidity or mortality e. all the above 10. A control chart is a statistical tool that can help users identify variation and use that knowledge to inform the development of changes for improvement. True or False 11.In the model of the Natural History of Disease, the period of time between the onset of signs and symptoms of disease and its ultimate outcome (cure, control, or death) is known as: a. preclinical phase.b. clinical phase.c. clinical horizon.d. incubation period.e. latent period. 12. A recent study found that screening for disease X led to increased survival. In the study, those who were screened were generally younger, healthier, and more aware of their health than those who were not screened. This makes it hard to evaluate whether the improvement in survivorship was due to the screening program or due to the characteristics of those who are screened. What is the name of this issue when evaluating the effect of a screening program? a. Lead time biasb. Overdiagnosis biasc. Selection biasd. Misclassification biase. Length-biased sampling 13. Which of the following statements is the most accurate example of primary prevention?a. Promoting antismoking campaign in the communityb. Taking low-dose computed tomography scan to detect the early stage of lung cancerc. Quitting smoking after diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseased. Removal of malignant lung cancer to reduce the pain from tumore. Participating in cancer rehabilitation programs in primary health care center after surgery 14. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses allow for the integration of multiple findings, and meta-analyses help to aggregate the results from a set of studies to provide a comprehensive answer to an epidemiologic question.What is the name of the chart that is typically used to depict the results of a meta-analysis?a. Forest plotb. Pie chartc. Box plotd. Manhattan plote. Bar chart 15. What of the following is an obligation that researchers have with study participants?a. Provide a financial incentive to participate in the study.b. Provide free treatment for any condition the subjects have.c. Communicate the study results clearly.d. Enroll all family members of the participants if they want to be part of the study.e. Provide free diagnostic procedures, even if those are not related with the study. 16. To abide with the ethical principle of autonomy, epidemiologic research requiresa. epidemiologists to provide financial incentives.b. to obtain participant’s consent before collecting any information.c. to investigate only participants who are in excellent health.d. share participant’s information with any institution.e. that only one researcher is able to access the data collected. 17. In a hypothetical cross-sectional study, marriage was found to be strongly associated with increased levels of happiness. Authors concluded that marriage was a cause of happiness. However, a reviewer of this study argued that because it is a cross-sectional study, it could not be determined whether marriage caused happiness or happiness caused marriage. What criterion of causal relationships was not met in the study according to the reviewer?a. Strength of associationb. Biologic plausibilityc. Dose responsed. Temporal relationshipe. Replication of findings 18. The incidence of disease X is 56/1,000 per year among smokers and 33/1,000 per year among nonsmokers. What proportion of cases of disease X are due to smoking among those who smoke? Calculate attributable riska. 23%b. 33%c. 41%d. 56%e. 59% 19. Investigators think that income might be a confounder in the relationship between Hispanic ethnicity and cardiovascular disease. They conduct a case-control study, and they match cases and controls based on income. They find that Hispanics are more likely to have cardiovascular disease as compared with non-Hispanics. What is the measure of association used in such study?a. Risk ratiob. Relative riskc. Incidence rate ratiod. Attack ratee. Odds ratio 20. Which of the following statements is the most accurate characteristic of cohort studies?a. It is an efficient study designs for studying rare disease.b. The temporality of the exposure preceding the outcome is hard to determine.c. The incidence rate of disease in the exposure group is compared directly to the incidence rate of disease in the unexposed group.d. The exposure and outcomes are captured at the same time.e. The participants are randomly allocated to exposure and nonexposure categories. 21. A physical examination, digital rectal exam, was used to screen for prostate cancer in 290 men with biopsy-proven prostate cancer and in 516 age- and race-matched control men, all of whom showed no evidence of cancer at biopsy. The results of the physical examination were positive in 136 cases and in 165 control men. What is the sensitivity of the physical examination? Hint – construct 2X2 table to solvea. 32%b. 47%c. 56%d. 57%e. Cannot calculate it based on given information 22. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), during the Ebola outbreak of 2014 in West Africa, there were a total of 14,124 Ebola cases in Sierra Leone and 3,956 deaths due to Ebola. What was the case fatality rate in that country?a. 3.5%b. 22%c. 28%d. 3,956e. 14,124 23. The following is a measure of the strength of association, typically used in case-control studies to measure the association between exposure and disease:a. Incidence rateb. Population attributable fractionc. Attributable fractiond. Prevalencee. Odds ratio 24. Calculate odds ratio based on following table:Image transcription textSmoking Status Cases of Coronary Heart Controls of Coronary Totals Disease Heart Disease Smoker 192 156348 Non-Smoker 129 181 310 Total 321 337 658… Show more 25. Among 13,963,753 males and 14,272325 females, there were 20,734 cases of prostate cancer and 19,307 cases of female breast cancer. Calculate the incidence of prostate cancer 26. Calculate the relative risk based on the following table: Health Science Science Nursing NUR 743 Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)
