Give evidence supporting the view that the main computational load…
Question Answered step-by-step Give evidence supporting the view that the main computational load… Give evidence supporting the view that the main computational load that hasshaped the evolution of the human brain is “social computation”, with sexualsuccess being the ultimate measure of the value of an algorithm or neural designfeature. Say what implications this has for: The cognitive skills and perceptual faculties that have been selected for inbrain evolution, as contrasted with the goals which are the traditional focusof AI. The design of face recognition algorithms, which aim to interpret facialexpression, gesture, and intent, as well as gender and identity. The construction of the theory that other persons have minds, too. Models of action, planning, and interaction between self and others.[8 marks]Comment on whether this “social computation” view of human brain evolutionimplies that brain science is less relevant to the goals of computer science than isusually thought. [2 marks]Answer any five of the following seven short questions:(a) Roughly what is the total number of neurones in the human brain?(b) Roughly what is the total number of synapses in the human brain? How doesthis compare with the total number of stars in our galaxy, and with the totalnumber of galaxies in the known universe?(c) Why is nerve impulse propagation described as “saltatory”, and what purposesare achieved by this method of signalling?(d) What is the approximate speed of nerve impulse propagation in warm-bloodedanimals, in metres/sec?(e) Why is “white matter” white, what cells are responsible for this, and whatpurpose do they serve?(f ) Name the three principal ions involved in nerve membrane current flows, andidentify which two of them transit through voltage-dependent conductances.(g) What causes the refractory deadtime of about 1 msec after each nerve impulse?[2 marks each]5 [TURN OVERCST.2000.9.69 Artificial IntelligenceConsider the following story of the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare:The characters are Macbeth, Lady-Macbeth, Duncan and Macduff.Macbeth is an evil noble. Lady-Macbeth is a greedy ambitious woman.Duncan is a king. Macduff is a loyal noble. Macbeth is weak becauseMacbeth married Lady-Macbeth and because Lady-Macbeth is greedy.Lady-Macbeth persuades Macbeth to want to be king. Macbeth murdersDuncan using a knife because Macbeth wants to be king and becauseMacbeth is evil. Lady-Macbeth kills Lady-Macbeth. Macduff is angrybecause Macbeth murdered Duncan and because Macduff is loyal toDuncan. Macduff kills Macbeth.Construct a semantic network representing the above story. [8 marks]Show the chain of reasoning leading to Macduff killing Macbeth. [5 marks]It is possible to change the story so that Lady-Macbeth is unable to persuadeMacbeth to want to be king. Augment the story to provide a reason forLady-Macbeth’s inability to persuade Macbeth to want to be king. Update thesemantic network to reflect the new situation. [7 marks]10 Numerical Analysis IIExplain the terms (a) positive definite, (b) positive semi-definite for a symmetricmatrix A. If a square matrix B is non-singular, which of the properties (a) or (b)most accurately describes BT B? What if B is singular? [4 marks]State Schwarz’s inequality for the product AB. In what way is this modified forthe product Ax, where x is a vector? What are the singular values of A, andhow are they related to the l2 norm of A? In the singular value decompositionA = UWVT, what is W? [5 marks]Let x be an approximate solution of Ax = b, and write r = b ? Ax, e = x ? x.Find an expression which is an upper bound for the relative error ||e||/||x|| in termsof computable quantities. Explain how this result may be interpreted if the l2 normis used. [8 marks]Suppose A is a 5 × 5 matrix and Ax = b is to be solved by singular valuedecomposition. If machine epsilon ‘ 10?15 and the singular values of A are1, 10?6, 10?10, 10?17, 0 write down the generalised inverse W+ that you would use. Describe an algorithm for performing scan conversion of a set of 3D polygons,including details of clipping, projection, and the underlying 2D polygon scanconversion algorithm. You may assume that you are given the colour of eachpolygon and that no lighting calculations are required. Please state any additionalassumptions that you need to make. Ray tracing is not an acceptable answer tothis question. [20 marks]11 Introduction to Security(a) Explain briefly mechanisms that software on a desktop computer can use tosecurely generate secret keys for use in cryptographic protocols. [5 marks](b) Give two different ways of implementing residual information protection in anoperating system and explain the threat addressed by each. [5 marks](c) Consider the standard POSIX file-system access control mechanism:(i) Under which conditions can files and subdirectories be removed from aparent directory? [2 marks](ii) Many Unix variants implement an extension known as the “sticky bit”.What is its function? [2 marks](iii) On a POSIX system that lacks support for the “sticky bit”, how couldyou achieve an equivalent effect? [2 marks](d) VerySafe Ltd offer two vaults with electronic locks. They open only after thecorrect decimal code has been entered. The VS100 – a low-cost civilian model- expects a 6-digit code. After all six digits have been entered, it will eitheropen or will signal that the code was wrong and ask for another try. The VS110- a far more expensive government version – expects a 40-digit code. Users ofa beta-test version of the VS110 complained about the difficulty of enteringsuch a long code correctly. The manufacturer therefore made a last-minutemodification. After every five digits, the VS110 now either confirms that thecode has been entered correctly so far, or it asks for the previous five digitsagain. Compare the security of the VS100 and VS110.Consider the following four documents that would have improved projects suchas the Cambridge University CAPSA project or the London Ambulance Servicesystem:(a) a plan for managing development risk;(b) a safety and reliability specification;(c) a user requirements document; (a) Prove that the information measure is additive: that the information gainedfrom observing the combination of N independent events, whose probabilitiesare pifor i = 1 . . . N, is the sum of the information gained from observing eachone of these events separately and in any order. [4 marks](c) Suppose that ravens are black with probability 0.6, that they are male withprobability 0.5 and female with probability 0.5, but that male ravens are 3times more likely to be black than are female ravens.If you see a non-black raven, what is the probability that it is male? [4 marks]How many bits worth of information are contained in a report that a non-blackraven is male? [1 mark]Rank-order for this problem, from greatest to least, the following uncertainties:(i) uncertainty about colour(ii) uncertainty about gender(iii) uncertainty about colour, given only that a raven is male(iv) uncertainty about gender, given only that a raven is non-black[3 marks](d) If a continuous signal f(t) is modulated by multiplying it with a complexexponential wave exp(i?t) whose frequency is ?, what happens to the Fourierspectrum of the signal?Name a very important practical application of this principle, and explain whymodulation is a useful operation.How can the original Fourier spectrum later be recovered? [3 marks](e) Which part of the 2D Fourier Transform of an image, the amplitude spectrumor the phase spectrum, is indispensable in order for the image to be intelligible?Describe a demonstration that proves this. 7 [TURN OVERCST.2000.9.812 Computer VisionDefine the Correspondence Problem, detailing the different forms that it takes instereo vision and in motion vision.(a) In each case, explain why the computation is necessary. [5 marks](b) What are the roles of space and time in the two cases, and what symmetriesexist between the stereo vision and the motion vision versions of theCorrespondence Problem? [5 marks](c) How does the complexity of the computation depend on the number ofunderlying features that constitute the data? [5 marks](d) Briefly describe at least one general approach to an efficient algorithm forsolving the Correspondence ProblemWhat is meant by a critical path? [5 marks]The village bakery has asked you to advise them about setting up a web site,including a trading function.Draw up a project plan, illustrated by a GANTT chart, and indicate the criticalpath. [5 marks]Make an estimate of the costs involved, and estimate how much working capitalyou would need. [5 marks]What other advice would you give them? TLBs and caches are examples of content-addressable memories (CAMs). (a) What is the principal difference between a CAM and a RAM? [4 marks] (b) What is the difference between fully associative, set associative and direct mapped lookup? [6 marks] (c) Why are TLBs always much smaller than caches? [4 marks] (d) Which of the lookup mechanisms in part (b) is usually used for a TLB and why aren’t the other mechanisms usually used? [6 marks] 2 CST.2004.10.3 3 Foundations of Programming A Java program is being developed to assist with the processing of examination marks. A test program begins as follows: public class Exam { private static Mark[] question = {new Mark(8), new Mark(), new Mark(6), … The program makes use of a class Mark which begins: class Mark { public boolean attempted; public int score; … The Mark array question has one entry for each candidate so the length of the array indicates the total number of candidates. An entry such as new Mark(8) sets up a Mark object whose data field attempted is set to true and whose data field score is set to 8, indicating that the candidate attempted the question and was awarded 8 marks. It may be assumed that every score is an integer in the range 0 to 10 inclusive. An entry such as new Mark() sets up a Mark object whose data field attempted is set to false (and whose data field score is arbitrary) indicating that the candidate did not attempt the question. (a) Supply suitable constructors for class Mark ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS Computer Science Engineering & Technology Object-Oriented Programming SCIENCE 11 Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)
