First, select and carefully read ONE of the cases provided in this…

Question Answered step-by-step First, select and carefully read ONE of the cases provided in this…  First, select and carefully read ONE of the cases provided in this packet. Then write your report using the section headings below. Complete each section in detail in a word-processing program, then save. Later you will upload the document into Canvas. Background informationWrite a short paragraph describing the individual’s background. Include gender, age, race, occupation, and a summary of relevant problems. (assume that your reader does NOT have any information about the client, so provide detailed information.)Describe the primary problem that is bringing (or would bring) the client to treatment.Possible diagnoses Propose two likely DSM-5 diagnoses that might account for the client’s problemsFor each diagnosis, create a table like the one below: DSM-5 disorderObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Specific example from caseList the DSM-5 criteria and match to specific examples from the case Note- you may not have examples for each criterion, or the examples may not be frequent or severe enough to meet the diagnostic criteriaA.Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both  Obsession: Maria complains of fears about her contamination  Compulsion: Maria washes her hands up to 100x a day to prevent contamination B. The obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (e.g., take more than 1 hour per day) or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.Maria’s fears interfere with her ability to concentrate Maria’s fears cause her distress- she knows they aren’t normal but she can’t stop them. Maria’s handwashing can take up to 15 minutes each time, often making her late and interfering with other activities.   After considering the client’s symptoms, including their severity and duration, explain which diagnosis best accounts for the client’s difficulties.Development of the disorderExplain the possible causes of this disorder for this client.  Support with specific information from the assigned reading and videos about this disorder, as well as  information from this case.Describe specific experiences and/or circumstances in the individual’s background most likely contributed to the development of this individual’s  disorder.TreatmentBased on research evidence from assigned reading AND videos, describe  the type of therapy/ treatment that would be appropriate in this case and explain why.Describe how this treatment works.If the treatment includes therapy, identify the specific type of therapy and describe how the therapy works.If the treatment includes medication, state the type of medication and explain how it works.Describe any  psychosocial and/or environmental problems from the case that could make treatment challenging for this client.Personal reactionDescribe what it was like to do this assignment.Describe what you learned about this disorder specifically and/or about mental illness in general through this assignmentBe sure to proofread for writing mechanics, clarity and organization. Case 1- Myra Myra is a 28 year-old, single African American female. She is currently unemployed after recently losing her job Myra feels like her entire life is characterized by instability. She never had a stable home life as a child, and as an adult, she continued to live in a chronic state of chaos. She often felt like she was on an emotional roller coaster. The slightest event could set her mood off in any direction. She might feel happy and euphoric one moment, but her mood could plummet after a minor stressor like having someone cancel an appointment. Even as a child, Myra’s reactions to events were much more extreme than those of other children. She seemed incapable of experiencing any emotion in a mild manner—her good moods were incredibly positive and her bad moods were intensely negative. Myra also struggled with irrational bursts of anger. For example, a co-worker in the next cubicle once asked her to try to keep her voice down when speaking on the phone. She became extremely upset and angry and confronted the co-worker after work. She obsessed about the event for the entire night and emailed a tirade about the co-worker to their joint supervisor, copying several other co-workers. Because of incidents like these, Myra had never held a job for more than 6 months. Her most recent position ended following another negative interaction with a co-worker, and she was finding it more and more difficult to find employment with her history of short-term positions. Myra also found it difficult to maintain any relationship over an extended period of time. She desperately wanted someone who could be a “best friend” and she tended to attach to people too quickly. If someone expressed a shared interest with her or suggested an activity they might do together, she would become hopeful that their relationship might develop into something closer. She quickly became far too clingy and intrusive at the beginning of a relationship. . As a result, she experienced a long string of relationship rejections and felt incredibly lonely. . Sadly, rejection was one of her biggest fears and yet it seemed to happen to her over and over again. In high school, for example, she once gave a “best friends” necklace to a girl she had known for only a week. Predictably, the other girl responded awkwardly to the gift and began making excuses to avoid Myra in the cafeteria and in classes. Myra had been in and out of dating relationships since the age of 14. Similar to her attempts at friendship, she often began her dating relationships feeling “on top of the world.” She always knew that her current boyfriend was going to be the “one” and she quickly idealized the relationship and imagined a future marriage and children when they had only been on a couple dates. When she managed to stay in a relationship for more than a few weeks, her constant fear of rejection would often lead her to sabotage the relationship. She found herselfconstantly setting up “tests” to see if her boyfriend really cared about her.For example, she would send a vague text message posing a question such as “how could anyone love someone like me?” She would then wait to see how long it would take her boyfriend to respond and whether his response would pass the “test.” If he didn’t respond immediately, she would find herself alternating between despair and anger. Even if her boyfriend informed her that he was in a meeting, she would accuse him of lying and ignoring her. After a short period of time, each boyfriend would inevitably begin to show signs of ending the relationship. When Myra began to pick up on any of these “signs” she would frantically attempt to avert the impending break-up. She often fabricated stories about family members dying or dire medical test results she had just received. In several cases, she threatened to hurt herself. While these efforts were often successful in the short-run, the relationships never lasted much longer in the end. When the inevitable break-up occurred, she was unable to accept the fact that the relationship was over. Following a break-up, Myra often spiraled into a frantic and often suicidal state. She would write suicide notes to her ex-boyfriend and then send them in an email or leave a hand-written note on his car. On one level, she knew that her behavior was irrational and unlikely to lead to reconciliation, but she found herself unable to stop. As a young teenager, Myra had discovered that during her worst periods, she could occasionally obtain some relief by causing herself physical pain. She started by simply scratching herself on the arms and legs. She would find herself sitting in class using a bent paperclip to scratch her legs until they began to bleed. She soon progressed to cutting herself with a razor and burning herself with a lighter. She usually tried to hide her cuts and sores by cutting areas of her body that would be covered by her clothing. She was embarrassed about the scars that began to cover parts of her body, but she found it more and more difficult to resist the urge to hurt herself when she was feeling out of control. When she felt physical pain, it seemed to provide some relief for her intense and unbearable negative emotions. In another attempt to escape from her emotions, Myra would engage in other behaviors such as binge eating and drinking. For months at a time, she would engage in secretive night binges, standing at the kitchen counter consuming vast quantities of food in the middle of the night.Then she would stop binge eating for a few weeks, and begin instead to engage in binge drinking episodes. She would tell herself each day “I’ll never do that again,” but as soon as her emotions began to ramp up, she would find it impossible to resist the urge. When Myra was 2 years old, her parents divorced. She lived primarily with her mother as a young child but there were times when she lived with her grandmother for months at a time. Her father had sporadic contact with her throughout the years. When she was a young child, he would call and promise her that he would pick her up for the weekend and take her to the local amusement park or on a shopping trip. She vividly remembered sitting on the front porch of their house waiting for her father for hours but his promises were more often broken than upheld. She would vow never to trust her father again, but he would somehow manage to convince her that he had a valid excuse and build her hopes up for the next time. Myra’s mother remarried a total of 4 different times from the time Myra was 3 years old until she left home at age 17. Myra described her step-fathers as “losers” and she never had a close relationship with any of the men her mother married. When she was 8 years old, her 2nd step- father began to molest her. After a year of progressively worse abuse, he raped her at the age of 9. She was terrified and embarrassed to tell anyone but one day she finally found the courage to tell her mother what had happened. She had fantasized about the moment that her mother would find out about the abuse, imagining her step-father being thrown out of the house. However, her mother reacted with seeming indifference and accused Myra of exaggerating. She was so devastated by her mother’s reaction that she refused to tell anyone else about the abuse for many years. Until the relationship finally ended between her mother and her 2nd step- father, Myra simply tried to hide from him as much as possible. She avoided being home when she knew that he would be there alone and she made excuses to stay at school late. She would tell her mother that she was involved in various school clubs and activities, when in reality she spent much of her after-school hours sitting alone in a local park. Myra’s biological father did not provide any child support and her mother’s employment record was very unstable. Her mother bounced from minimum wage job to minimum wage job every few months with long periods of unemployment in between. Myra never had enough money to be able to dress in stylish clothes or have the latest toys or gadgets. Because of her emotional reactivity, any teasing by other children served as a crushing blow to Myra. She had only a handful of friends throughout school and most of her friends had significant problems of their own. The people with whom she most wanted to be friends seemed to react the most negatively to her. At age 17, Myra had a violent argument with her 4th step-father. The argument began over something fairly minor, but her anger quickly escalated and she ultimately ended up throwing a chair through a glass door. Her step-father responded by kicking her out of the house. Her mother did not intervene on her behalf, and instead took her step-father’s side once again. She briefly moved in with her boyfriend at the time but that relationship only lasted a few months. For several years, she moved from place to place and even lived in a homeless shelter for several weeks. She dropped out of high school when she was kicked out of her house, and began a long string of short periods of employment.  Case 2: Jessica Jessica, a 38-year-old Caucasian woman, knew that it was finally time to seek psychological services. She had always been an anxious person and for years she had managed to keep it under control. But, this time she felt as though she was fighting a losing battle and worried that it was going to result in her being fired. Jessica worked as a flight attendant for a major airline and loved interacting with the passengers. She had extensive knowledge of aircraft safety regulations and was confident in her ability to properly manage a crisis situation. However, over the past year she had missed a significant amount of work because of her extreme anxiety about travel- in particular having to fly and stay in hotels in different cities. She had wanted to believe that her worry about her career was justified, but she knew deep down that she worried about everything, not just work. She also worried about things that most people would see as trivial: whether she would be caught in the rain without an umbrella, if she was going to remember to pay her bills on time, or if the bus she was riding would break down and leave her stranded. Jessica recalled that she noticed a change in her thinking after the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. She repeatedly thought, “That could have been me in that plane. What would I have done? This is just one more sign that the world has become a very dangerous place.” Jessica finds that she can’t relax on her days off because she spends the entire time worrying about taking her next flight. “I worry all the time– about everything.” She worries that she will miss the bus to the airport and be late for work. She worries that she will have a panic attack on the airplane and the pilots will have to make an emergency landing. Jessica has experienced occasional panic attacks, but has not had one recently. But she still carries Valium with her everywhere she goes, just in case. She used to be able to relax one she got to work. But now, she worries about being the target of a terrorist attack or dying in a plane crash. She also worries about where she will be staying once she reaches her destination. “We always arrive so late, and have to take a cab to our hotel. Some of those cities have very high crime rates and are extremely dangerous. It’s just not safe to be a single woman out at that time of night.” Jessica finds that she worries about all of these different issues almost simultaneously; this leaves her feeling exhausted and overwhelmed. This is usually when she calls in sick to work and goes back to bed. Although she always hopes that she can just sleep away her problems, Jessica always finds it hard to get a good night’s sleep. It is always the same: When she goes to bed she can’t shut her mind off and her thoughts keep racing. She spends hours trying to fall asleep, which just causes her to worry that she will be less able to function adequately in her job when she is sleep- deprived. Furthermore, she notices that she has a much shorter fuse with the people around her when she is stressed and tired. Jessica worries about this, too, because she doesn’t want to lash out at one of her co-workers and create tension among the staff. From as far back as she can remember, Jessica has always been called a “worry wart.” She recalls that when she was 8-years old she would walk around the house making sure that all the appliances were unplugged before she went to bed for fear that a fire would break out and burn the house down while everyone was sleeping. In the 4th grade, after hearing doctors talking about the relationship between cancer and smoking, she became convinced that her mother was going to die of lung cancer because she had been a smoker for many years. Furthermore, she began to worry that everyone else in the family would also become ill from the second-hand smoke. Many years later, even after her mother quit smoking, Jessica still worried about dying from cancer. Jessica also often worried about someone in her family getting killed in a motor vehicle accident. Jessica was not a typical 16-year-old adolescent because she had no desire to learn how to drive. Driving was a very scary and dangerous activity. One day her father told her that she absolutely needed to know how to drive and signed her up for driving lessons. She eventually received her driver’s license and within the first six months of driving was involved in two accidents, neither of which were her fault. After the second accident, Jessica came to the conclusion that driving is not safe and that she had used up her good luck in the first two accidents. She has never driven since and instead rides the bus. One of the reasons it has been difficult for Jessica to seek treatment is that, although she knows her anxiety is starting to interfere with her life, there is a part of her that feels afraid to give it up. She also believes that some of her anxiety has been helpful. For example, she believes that worrying about safety and being vigilant has been a good thing because it has kept her safe until now. She feels that people, in general, aren’t concerned enough about personal safety and that is why they end up in dangerous situations. In addition, years of experience have taught her that if she worries, it seems to help prevent the negative event from occurring. Although some people call her superstitious, Jessica points to the fact that one of the reasons her mother quit smoking was because she didn’t want to add to Jessica’s stress, and as a result of Jessica’s continued worrying, her mother never started smoking again and is healthy and cancer-free today. Even so, Jessica found herself in the psychologist’s waiting room doubting whether she had made the right decision. “After all,” she thought, “everyone has some anxiety, right? What if this doctor thinks I’m really crazy for thinking this is such a problem? Even worse, what if she tells me that I’m so messed up that I’m beyond help! Then what will I do?” Jessica was born the youngest of six children. She and her siblings were raised by both biological parents in an average-sized town in Ohio. She always considered herself the “black sheep of the family.” Her four eldest siblings were boys and although she got along with them fine, the age and gender difference made her feel that their relationships were more paternalistic than anything else. She had one sister who was three years older; however, she described their relationship as “superficial” because they had such different personalities and views of the world. Jessica’s sister never seemed to worry about anything. She took every day as it came and couldn’t understand why Jessica was always thinking about the future and not living in the present. Jessica felt inadequate around her sister, who seemed to be successful in everything she did, and she believed that her sister looked down on her for having problems with anxiety.Her father never seemed to understand her either. Jessica always felt as though her father was very distant and difficult to impress. He wasn’t just like this with her. In fact, he seemed to have little to do with any of the children. Her father worked long hours and when he was not working he had to take his wife out to run errands since she was afraid to go out alone. Jessica tried so hard to do well in school just to impress her father, but it seemed as though whatever she did wasn’t quite good enough to get his sustained attention. Jessica often had to rely on her older siblings to take care of her as her mother was always “sick.” Her mother rarely left the house, unless she was with her husband, and would spend hours locked in her room. It seemed as though the whole family just accepted the way her mother was and never questioned if she may need treatment of some sort. As an adult, Jessica came to believe that her mother suffered from agoraphobia. She remembers from a very young age how her mother would talk to her about how dangerous the world is. They would often watch the news together and her mother would point out all of the terrible things that could happen to people if one is not extremely cautious at all times. She remembers never being allowed to play out on the street with the other neighbors or spend time at a friend’s house unless a parent was directly supervising. As a result, she did not have many friends growing up, which added to her feelings of being different from everyone around her. Jessica struggled with romantic relationships while she was growing up. She felt like she couldn’t tell whether it was safe to trust someone. When she was 27-years old, she began dating someone with whom she felt a true connection. He was an airline pilot and therefore understood some of her anxieties about flying and spending so much time away from home. After they had been dating for two years, Jessica found out that she would be required by her job to move to Seattle, Washington. Initially, she was very wary of such an abrupt change; she had lived in Ohio her entire life. However, when her boyfriend told her that he would move with her she became excited about their future and agreed to the transfer. Because of different flying schedules, it was necessary for Jessica to move to Seattle a week before her boyfriend. While she was there, setting up their new apartment, her boyfriend called and informed her that he was not going to move and “wanted some time apart.” Jessica was completely crushed, had a severe panic attack, and spent her first night in Seattle in the emergency room. Since that time, she has not dated anyone seriously and while she lives alone, she claims that she is terrified of being burglarized. In fact, she even keeps a large pair of men’s tennis shoes and a large dog bowl outside her front door despite being single and not owning any pets.  Case 3- Miguel Miguel is a 20-year-old Mexican American male college student who shares a house with a roommate. Over the past few weeks, Miguel’s personality seems to have changed. He had never really considered himself to be a creative or original person, but all of the sudden he began to have so many ideas about ways he could improve his life, new projects he could tackle, and plans for bettering his future. For example, he decided that he wanted to start a new online business buying and selling items on E-Bay. He spent over a thousand dollars one night purchasing old guitars on E-bay that he believed he could refurbish and resell for a profit. While he had always enjoyed playing the guitar as a hobby, he had never actually done any refurbishing work and didn’t own any tools. He didn’t have the cash to pay for the guitars, which meant he had to put all of the purchases on the credit card he received from his parents. He planned to refurbish the instruments and resell them in order to pay his parents back before they ever got the credit card bill. However, before the instruments began arriving in the mail, he also enrolled in a program to become an online advertising salesman. He had seen an online video describing the program that promised thousands of dollars nearly overnight. He had to pay another $2000 for the packet of marketing materials (which again went on the credit card) but he knew it was a “sure thing.” He did not tell his parents about any of the credit card purchases because he firmly believed he would have the money (plus a hefty profit) well before their bill was due. Miguel’s ideas were coming so rapidly that he had a hard time getting all of the words out quickly enough when talking to his friends. He felt as if everyone else was moving in slow motion and often found that he was impatient with other people. He had so much energy that he rarely felt tired. When he did try to sleep, his mind would continue racing and he would ultimately sleep only 2-3 hours each night. But each morning, he would feel energized and ready to tackle new projects. He tried to attend his classes during the day, but he found it was impossible to concentrate during the lecture. He couldn’t sit still and his racing thoughts made him feel like he was wasting time that he could spend working on his other projects. He was unconcerned about his grades, telling his friends that he was sure he could ace the tests, and that he didn’t need to attend class or complete the assignments. His friends were incredulous but he believed they were just jealous of his quick learning skills. Although Miguel felt as if his thoughts and ideas were crystal clear, his friends and family began to respond to him with confusion and concern. He expected that his roommate Calvin would be impressed with his E- bay scheme and was disappointed when Calvin kept pointing out all the problems with his plan. When he spoke to his parents on the phone, they began reacting strangely and kept asking “is everything OK with you?” At one point, they even asked him if he had been using drugs. He felt misunderstood and couldn’t fathom why his friends and family couldn’t recognize that he was simply seeing the world with more clarity than ever before. He became a social butterfly and sought opportunities to attend parties as much as possible. He drank heavily at parties despite having rarely consumed alcohol previously. One night, Calvin found him in a separate room at a party with a crowd of people who were known drug users. His friend tried to get him to leave the party with him, at which point Miguel became very angry and had to be physically restrained.When he finally arrived home in the early morning hours, he discovered that his parents were sitting on his living room couch. Calvin was also there and looked up apologetically at Miguel, and said “I’m really sorry, man, but something is definitely going on with you and I just thought I needed to let your parents know so that we can get you some help.” His parents said that they were also worried and that they had made an appointment with his primary care physician back home. They had already packed a bag and told him that they were planning to drive him home that day. He was frustrated and a little angry, but he didn’t feel like he had any choice but to get in the car with them for what he was sure would be a giant waste of time. Miguel’s parents described the “old Miguel” as a fairly quiet and even-tempered person. He was a careful decision-maker and rarely acted spontaneously or impulsively. In fact, his mother had always been a little concerned that he seemed too uptight and worried about minor things. When he was 17 years old, his girlfriend broke up with him after a year-long relationship. He did not want the relationship to end and spent weeks trying to get his girlfriend back. When she began dating another guy, he had a difficult time coping. He stopped hanging out with his friends, and he always had an excuse to say “no” when invited to any events or parties. He lost his appetite and as a result, lost 15 pounds over a 2- month period. His parents became very worried about him but he refused to consider seeing a physician or a counselor. After about 3 months, he started to feel slightly better. He slowly began venturing out again and his parents noticed that he was laughing and smiling once more. They were very relieved and ultimately attributed his difficulties to the break-up. Miguel was the oldest of 3 children. He has a sister, 4 years younger and a brother 7 years younger than him. Both of his siblings still live at home. His parents married after dating in college. Both of his parents are college-educated. His father works in the banking industry and his mother has a part-time position as an accountant. Miguel was an “accidental” pregnancy and was born only 1 year after his parents were married. His parents reported that they were not quite ready to become parents when he was born, as they had hoped to establish their careers more fully before starting a family. His mother had just started a Master’s degree program when she discovered that she was pregnant and she ultimately quit the program and took a part-time job to help contribute financially. To some degree, his mother had always regretted not being able to complete her education but she was very devoted to her children. When looking back on Miguel’s early childhood, his parents reported that they were under a lot of stress at that time due to a combination of factors. Miguel’s maternal grandfather had a long history of psychiatric problems, and during that time period there was an escalation of problems that resulted in his hospitalization. Miguel’s grandfather had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder in his 30’s and occasionally had stopped taking his medication which typically led to a decline in functioning. Dealing with the grandfather’s issues combined with having an unexpected newborn baby and the financial pressures of early careers, his parents reported that those early years of Miguel’s life were not particularly happy ones for the family. After several years, their stress levels improved and they decided that they were ready to have more children. His mother reported that she had always felt somewhat guilty about Miguel’s early childhood, particularly when she compared the way she felt during her other 2 children’s early years. . She also wondered if Miguel’s reserved nature and tendency to be somewhat melancholy was due to the stress of his early childhood years. In school, Miguel was generally an A/B student. He was the kind of student who often went under the radar and tried to avoid being the center of attention. He was very conscientious about doing school assignments and rarely missed a day of school. He had a small but close group of friends throughout elementary and high school. He was generally hesitant when it came to asking girls on dates, but he was talked into a double-date at age 16 and ended up having a great time. He and the girl dated for just over a year when she suddenly broke off the relationship. He became desperate to get back together and he started leaving her multiple voicemails and text messages every day. Within 2 weeks, he heard from a friend that his ex- girlfriend had been seen out with another guy from their school. He felt hurt and betrayed and he was even more hesitant to date following the break-up. During the first 2 years of college, he went on dates only a handful of times. Miguel described his relationship with his parents as very close. He typically called them at least once a week from college. Because of his recent habits of staying out late, skipping classes, and becoming engrossed in his latest “project,” his contact with his parents had become sporadic. When his parents spoke with Miguel, they stated “he sounded like a totally different person” which contributed to their mounting concern about his well-being. The night they received the call from his roommate, they immediately jumped in the car and made the 2-hour drive to Miguel’s college.    Social Science Psychology HELATH 195 Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)