Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Question Answered step-by-step Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of PsychopathologyIn many realms of medicine, objective diagnoses can be made: A clavicula is broken. An infection is present. TSH levels meet the diagnostic criteria for hypothyroidism. Psychiatry, on the other hand, deals with psychological phenomena and behaviors. Can these, too, be “defined objectively and by scientific criteria (Gergen, 1985), or are they social constructions?” (Sadock et al., 2015).Thanks to myriad advances during recent decades, we know that psychopathology is caused by many interacting factors. Theoretical and clinical contributions to the field have come from the neural sciences, genetics, psychology, and social-cultural sciences. How do these factors impact the expression, classification, diagnosis, and prevalence of psychopathology, and why might it be important for a nurse practitioner to take a multidimensional, integrative approach?To Prepare:Review this week’s Learning Resources, considering the many interacting factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology.Consider how theoretical perspective on psychopathology impacts the work of the PMHNP.By Day 3 of Week 1Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology.====================================================================================================Factors That Influence the Development of PsychopathologyIntroductionPsychopathology studies various abnormal cognitions. Mental illness or distress—psychopathology studies their causes, symptoms, categorization, mental disorders, interventions, and strategies. Causes of mental diseases can be genetic, behavioral, and cognitive, emotional, developmental, interpersonal, social, and cultural.Genetic and NeuroscientificGenerally, behavioral genetic research provides evidence for genetic influence behavior. However, identifying the specific genetic factors underlying mental health problems has been much more complex than was anticipated at the outset of the Human Genome Project. Fortunately, beginning in 2005, genome-wide association studies have successfully identified genetic associations (McGue, Saunders & Gottesman, 2018). Realizing that goal will require achieving a better understanding of the contribution of gene-environment interaction and epigenetic processes. Genetic and neuroscientific factors major play in the development of psychopathology. According to the author(s), Shadrina et al. (2018) reported depressive disorders (DDs) are one of the most widespread forms of psychiatric pathology. For instance, major depressive disorder (MDD) affects one out of five individuals and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Presently, MDD is considered a multifactorial disease for various reasons, such as genetic disorders, stress, and other pathological processes. Multiple studies allowed the formulation of several studies attempting to describe the development of MDD (Filatova, Shadrina & Slominsky, 2021).Another example, how the world of psychiatry and neuroscience collide is Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD) are two severe psychiatric disorders that share considerable comorbidities in both clinical and genetics (Wang et al., 2019). In both diseases, genetic susceptibility often arises from different variants, suggesting contributing to various biological pathways. While the brain is primarily related to psychiatric and neurological disorders, the psychiatric nurse practitioner (PMHNP) must use an incorporated attitude when examining and diagnosing mental health disorders.Behavioral and Cognitive Processes, Emotional, and DevelopmentalCognitive development, which parts a role when diagnosing and examining abnormal mental health. We a person is not thinking or behaving normally, one must first determine what is expected. Psychology comes into play in mental health as necessary. The children’s brains are not fully developing. To have an emotional expression such as sadness, anxiety, or depression, they are often unable to achieve milestones that are believed to be expected for most children (Butcher & Kendall, 2018).The psychopathology in children and adolescents can be more complicated and potentially more changeable than adult problems. When a child cannot successfully transition from childhood to mature adult, behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and further developmental issues can occur, leading to and increasing the risk of mental health disorders. Research states that a diagnosis is simply a clinician’s impression of the patient’s interpretation of their thoughts and feelings (Ruiz, Sadock, & Sadock, 2017). Psychiatric nurse practitioners must understand childhood principles to prevent and treat mental health disorders in children and adolescents.Social, Cultural, and InterpersonalWhile there are universal commonalities in mental disorders, psychopathology is surrounded by sociocultural-based systems of meaning and values. Psychological assessment forms a significant part of the diagnostic process of psychopathology. Standardized objective personality and cognitive tests with demonstrated reliability, validity, and reference norms are the most used among the tests developed. Psychologists need to be trained in multicultural competence and social justice to serve culturally diverse populations (Cheung & Mak, 2018).How one person reaches, that point is strongly connected to their social and cultural differences. Mental illness is influenced and often brought about due to a person’s social or cultural network or lack thereof. Cheung & Mak (2018) stated, mental health disorders may have universal commonalities, but how one person reaches that point is strongly connected to their social and cultural differences.Psychiatric Nurse practitioners (PMHNP) must know how culture can influence a patient’s presentation and adjust their assessment appropriately. Different culture perspective has mental health disorders perception. In many cultures, mental illness is a weakness and may not treat as a disease, so treatment is often not treated or takes a long time to see a provider.ConclusionSupposedly Mental illnesses are the result of abnormalities in brain structure and functioning. People are susceptible to symptoms of mental illnesses, combinations of genetic predispositions, and environmental and social life experiences that trigger inherited or acquired vulnerabilities to express symptoms and signs of these diseases. As reflected in the DSM-5, psychiatric disorders can affect people of all races, ethnicities, and nationalities (Lurigio, 2020).ReferencesButcher, J. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Introduction to childhood and adolescent psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology., Vol. 2. (pp. 3-14). American Psychological Association. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1037/0000065-001Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In J.N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. (pp. 127-147). American Psychological Association. https://doiorg.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1037/0000064-006Filatova, E. V., Shadrina, M. I., & Slominsky, P. A. (2021). Major Depression: One Brain, One Disease, One Set of Intertwined Processes. Cells (2073-4409), 10(6), 1283.Lurigio, A. J. (2020). DSM-5. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health.McGue, M., Saunders, G., & Gottesman, I. I. (2018). Behavioral genetic insights on the development of psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. (pp. 91-125). American Psychological Association. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1037/0000064-005Ruiz, P., Sadock, B. J., & Sadock, V. A. (2015). Synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer HealthShadrina, M., Bondarenko, E. A., & Slominsky, P. A. (2018). Genetics Factors in Major Depression Disease. Frontiers in Psychiatry. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00334Wang, W., Fang, Y., Jiang, X., Huang, W., Wang, Z., & Lin, G. N. (2019). Varying Mutational Classes Illuminate Differential Genetic Patterns Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM), Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM), 2019 IEEE International Conference On, 983-986. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1109/BIBM47256.2019.8983255  Proofreading please. Health Science Science Nursing NRNP 6635 Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)