Can you put together your information, it’s very important to use…
Question Answered step-by-step Can you put together your information, it’s very important to use… Can you put together your information, it’s very important to use quotation marks to show which information came directly from sources. Each of those sources must be cited immediately after the quotation. As technology and cellular devices are approving and allowing every individual in society access to their devices and can share videos, pictures, or recordings without any advance notice or privacy. Police officers and police departments are in the public’s eye and every move or action is under the microscope when an Officer has determined that the use-of-force was required and now that these devices are so advanced that the capabilities are enhanced. The ability for citizens to video record police officers during apprehension and encounters with the public was not always a common practice prior to the evolution of the camera on the cellphone. The use-of-force that is applied by law enforcement agencies and the way that each department determines said usage presents issues on whether what actions are warranted and not. Therefore, great emphasis has been put on police and their use-of-force; the police use-of-force and public perception; police re-training and/or reform; and police training methods or programs to try and eradicate use-of-force. According to McDonald, Kaminski, and Smith; the chance of having an injury to either the suspect or police officer occurs at a greater probability when lethal methods are used. This injury percentage significantly reduced when officers can successfully use the application of Conductive Energy Devices (CED), or Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) spray is utilized. The research that the authors conducted were of twelve police departments that would report the injuries of police officers and civilians in detail when use-of-force was used. The monthly injury rates that were studied and examined were of 24,380 cases. Two police departments recorded statistics of the before and after use when a CED was utilized. The data that was gathered was used to display how using less lethal use-of-force methods would overall result in a lesser chance of injury to both police officer and suspect. According to the article, cases where police officers are made to account for their use-of-force only accounted for less than 2% of the estimated total of police and civilian contact(McDonald, Kaminski, & Smith, 2009). Chances increased when the use-of-force is being used by a police officer and they have determined that the escalation of force such as a baton, more physical force, or canine(s) are employed. This is in comparison to the use of a lesser than lethal method such as OC spray or CEDs. The data collected on the use-of-forcein this research ranged from 1998 to 2007. Police departments from Orlando, Austin, and Cincinnati were amongst thelargest number of cases and accounted for over 62% of the study. Nine other departments across America also studied however only accounted for 10% of the research data. The overall data that was collected was categorized into to three major areas; resistance (which includes passive, active, aggressive, or aggravated), defensive actions (which include muscle tension, fighting a police officer, grabbing an object, or fleeing on foot), and no physical resistance (which consists of passive and verbal actions such as sitting or lying down and/or refusing to follow orders). When all results were examined, it is determined that the chance of injury decreased if OC spray was used which resulted in 22.1% chanceof injury. Also, the use of CEDs by officers decreased in injury with a 25.1% chance of injury. The community and police relations have grown and continue to grow, and the relationship can, but may also lead to further trust or distrust, depending on the actions that police officers determine are appropriate or not while they patrol the streets. It is perceived that community policing can determine the cooperation and public trust of its citizens and is key to sustain this relationship between the two parties. The data from article “Measuring the Impact of PoliceRepresentativeness on Communities”, utilizes it data gathered from the United States Census Equal Employment Opportunity Survey and the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and Law Enforcement Management and Administration Statistics (LEMAS) during different periods. Trochmann and Glovers research consisted of dependent and independentvariables within their study. The dependent variables consisted of use-of-force complaints against police departments.The data would be reported to the LEMAS and directed by the BJS from 2003 to 2007 (Trochmann and Glover, 2016). The independent variable of their research study was centered on the race of the community in which the complaints of use-of-force occurred and the locality of the officer(s) that were involved. The results from the complaints against use-of-force per 100 full-time officers where sampled and the average was 78.26 during 2003 and would increase to an average of 115.43 in 2007 (Trochmann and Glover, 2016). Throughout, the years their research examined they were able to report that possible racial representation could be linked to police and community conflict and could lead to a decrease in the use-of-force complaints against police. However, in other studies that utilized the fixed-effects models suggested that community characteristics are more important than the relationship between police and community. In conclusion this article advocated that the results of their study had mixed data and feelings were mixed. There is not enough evidence tooverwhelmingly support the need for racial representation and locality of police in communities to limit the use-of-force. One community that has been affected by use-of-force is the black /African American communities. An academic study, a first of its kind, on the use-of-force on a community was first documented in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The study identified how the use-of-force on African Americans were greatly overrepresented in comparison to the rest of the city’s different racial and ethnic group population. In one study conducted in 1980, it was founded that Blacks were more likely to be killed than Whites by the Los Angeles Police Department when not carrying a weapon. These results are over decades old the changing of the results are still consistent today. The use-of-force by police officers have continued in the modern era with a study conducted in 2016. Some studies stated that “Surprising new evidence show bias in police use of force, but not in shootings” (Bui & Cox, 2016); “Study finds police fatally shoot unarmed Black men at disproportionate rates” (Lowery, 2016); and “Study supports suspicion that police are more likely to use of force on Blacks” (Williams, 2016). The perception of threat to the police is a key failure by the police, therefore, justifies their use of force. In one study conducted from 2000 to 2015, the use of force is studied with information gathered from 1,332 officer involved shootings from 10 different agencies. This study attempted to predict the race of the subject based off the encounter with police. However, the findings showed there was no evidence of racial difference when associating with the level of threat in an officer involved shooting (Fryer, 2016). However, another study was conducted by Fryer that focuses more on police to civilian encounter. Fryer concluded that Blacks and Hispanics were greatly more likely to have a report of use of force during their interaction with a police officer. One useful method the police has implemented and use in communities are the use of Community-Oriented Policing (COP). This method of policing was not an original method of policing, but the philosophy of policing was adopted by communities throughout the United States in the 1970s due to the dissatisfaction of local police use of force within the community and their strategies (McCarthy, Porter, & Townsley, M. 2019). The overall goal of the COP is to improve the community relations with the police. However, in modern times the use of COP has become a method and a way to highlight the overuse of use-of-force by the police. The use of COP is not supposed to hinder the outcomes or situations when police utilize use-of-force. However, the effect of the COP and the outcomes play a vital role in law enforcement and their decisions when utilizing use of force. However, it has been assumed that this approach will improve the community and police relations by building trust between the two. As many assume this sort of outcome would have an overwhelming effect, yet the studies conducted thus far do not resemble such change. In one particular research conducted by Smith and Holmes in 2014, their primary focus study was to “examine how the influence of COP on the number of sustained excessive force complaints in major US cities (alongside several other measures of police accountability, such as citizen review boards)” (McCarthy, Porter, & Townsley, M. 2019). Once the results were produced it was found that communities that did practice the COP model, had a greater number of sustained complaints for use of force. Tactics and use-of-force vary by police departments and now require widespread reform. This reform is only for those agencies that excessive use-of-force are deemed unnecessary by oversight committees. Few departments have demonstrated excessive use-of-force that raises questions inside the Department of Justice (DOJ). Therefore, allegations that are presented to the DOJ use federal penal code or U.S.C (United States Code) 14141. This code gives the Attorney General the power to enjoin all types of systemic misconduct within police departments, not just excessive uses of deadly force (Rushin, 2016). This code ultimately will force police departments to make reform change to their department regardless of the potentially high cost to prevent future wrongdoing or acts of excessive use-of-force. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) was an example of the implementation of oversight for the reform to take place. The evolution of the Christopher Commission Report was established and discovered many different issues within in the department with one of the biggest being the use-of-force. The report was able to identify certain patterns of excessive use-of-force that only involved a small portion of police officers. Other issues with conducting police reform are police departments dealing with use-of-force and it’s cost to get established. The DOJ often requires police departments to pay for the execution of early warning systems, new training procedures, new complaint management systems, use of force policies, and external monitoring (Rushin, 2016). Between 2001 to 2013 the LAPD reform that occurred from the DOJ mandated the LAPD to pay over $100 million. Other departments such as New Orleans and Cleveland were expected topay between $50 to $60 million to the DOJ. The cost of reforms can weaken a barrier between the community and police, because some believe that taxes may rise to cover the cost of the reform programs and smaller agencies and police departments are limited in options and are not financially feasible. In today’s policing era the use of technology is being utilized to protect the officer and the individuals that officers encounter daily. The body camera worn by police officers’ body has allowed video evidence of these encounters and can be used in courtrooms across America. In cities across America the deaths of citizens by law enforcement officer involved shootings sparked a nationwide protest demanding change in 2014. By police agencies adopting the use of body worn cameras (BWCs) was a method of reform that has been seen to resolve some of the issues of contested encounters by police officers, especially encounter that involve the use of force. A Washington Post article Ross and Lowery written in 2017, stated that “Black Lives Matter (BLM) members describe the police adoption of BWCs as triggered by public pressure.” One of the biggest advocates for the use of BWCs is the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). By using these devices, it is viewed as a sense of protection against corrupt police and can have evidence, if possible, misconduct is happening by police. However, with change comes some resistance and there has been some against the use of BWCs. One survey revealed that only 61% of the respondents agreed that the use of BWCs would lead to a greater trust from the public. Yet, in the same study it was demonstrated that the use of these devices only found 36% a belief in the decrease of racial tension between police and the public. Overall, though, the use of force captured on police BWCs have been vital in proving guilt and or innocents when dealing with use of force by police. Use-of-force is shown to have a direct impact and effect on the community and police officers who are policing the community each article. The limitations on less than lethal force is a work in progress and to avoid the overuse of use-of-force all departments must and need to continue to police each community and stay indifferent and change as the times are changing. However, with the use of less than lethal methods such as OC spray and CEDs; the potential for positive reform by departments may not be necessary, but every department must stay vigilant and relevant to the changing times and needs of the community that the police are serving. Community policing and involvement can and will maintain a healthy relationship between the two parties that are essential for justifiable cases that may involve use-of-force. ReferencesFryer, R. G. (2016). An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force. Retrieved April 19, 2022, from https://scholar.harvard.edu/fryer/publications/empirical- analysis-racial-differences-police-use-force McCarthy, M., Porter, L., & Townsley, M. (2019). The effect of community-oriented policing on police use of force: does community matter? Policing: An American Journal, 42(4), 556- 570. doi: 10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2018-014810McDonald, J. M., Kaminski, R. J., & Smith, M. R. (2009). The Effect of Less-Lethal Weapons on Injuries in Police Use-of-Force Events. American Journal of Public Health, 99(12), 2268-2274. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159616National Institute of Justice. (2011, June 1). Overview of Less-Lethal Technologies. Retrieved April 5, 2022, from https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/overview-less-lethal-technologiesRushin, S. (2016). Using Data to Reduce Police Violence. Boston College Law Review, 57(1), 117-166. Retrieved from https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol57/iss1/4/Trochmann, M. B., & Glover, A. (2016). Measuring the Impact of Police Representativeness on Communities. Policing:An International Journal, 39(4), 773-790. doi: 10.1108/PIJPSM- 02-2016-0026 Arts & Humanities Writing Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)
