c2 otherwise. [10 marks] (b) We now define a procedure for the…

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Question Answered step-by-step c2 otherwise. [10 marks] (b) We now define a procedure for the… c2 otherwise.[10 marks](b) We now define a procedure for the generation of training sequences, denotedby s. Let H be a set of possible hypotheses, let p(h) be a prior on H, let p(x) bea distribution on X and let Pr(c|x, h) be a likelihood, denoting the probabilityof obtaining classification c given instance x and hypothesis h ? H. A trainingset s is generated as follows. We obtain a single h ? H randomly accordingto p(h). We then obtain m instances (x1, . . . , xm) independently at randomaccording to p(x). Finally, these are labelled according to the likelihood suchthatp(s|h) = Ymi=1Pr(ci|xi, h)p(xi).We now wish to construct a hypothesis h0, not necessarily in H, for the purposesof classifying future examples. The usual approach in a Bayesian context wouldbe to construct the hypothesish0(x) =c1 if Pr(c1|x, s) >12c2 otherwise.By modifying your answer to part (a) or otherwise, show that this remains anoptimal procedure in the case of 0-1 loss. (a) Distributed storage approaches can be divided into network attached storage(NAS) and storage area networks (SANs). Explain with the aid of a diagramthe basic differences between the two approaches. [4 marks](b) The network file system (NFS) is often used in local area networks.(i) Why is NFS not normally considered suitable for wide area networks?[2 marks](ii) Briefly discuss how one could modify NFS to better support wide areanetworks. [2 marks](c) Distributed shared virtual memory can be used within a computing cluster totransparently allow multi-threaded programs to run across multiple machines.Sketch the design of a DSVM system. Be sure to explain what happens bothwhen a memory read and when a memory write occurs. Comment on theexpected performance and robustness of your system. [6 marks](d) EROS is a capability-based operating system.(i) What is a capability? [1 mark](ii) Explain with the aid of a diagram how EROS uses traditional paginghardware to emulate capability hardware. Given any polymorphic lambda calculus (PLC) type ? and any function ? mappingtype variables ? to values n ? {?1, 0, 1}, a value [[? ]]? in {?1, 0, 1} is defined byrecursion on the structure of ? as follows.[[?]]? = ?(?)[[?1 ? ?2]]? =1 if [[?1]]? ? [[?2]]?[[?2]]? otherwise[[??(? )]]? = the minimum of the values [[? ]](?[? 7? n]) for n = ?1, 0, 1 (where?[? 7? n] is the function mapping ? to n and every other ?0to ?(?0)).If ? is a non-empty PLC typing environment, let [[?]]? denote the minimum valueof [[? ]]? as ? ranges over the types in ?; in the case that ? is empty, we define [[?]]?to be 1.(a) Prove that if ? ` M : ? is a valid PLC typing judgement, then for any ?,[[?]]? ? [[? ]]?.You may assume without proof that if ? is not free in ? then[[? ]](?[? 7? n]) = [[? ]]?and also that type substitutions ? [?0/?] satisfy[[? [?0/?]]]? = [[? ]](?[? 7? [[?0]]?])[Hint: show that the property ?(?, M, ? ) = “for all ?, [[?]]? ? [[? ]]?” is closedunder the rules of the typing system.][16 marks](b) Deduce that there is no closed PLC expression of type??, ?(((? ? ?) ? ?) ? ?) A W × H matrix can be represented in OCaml by a flat list: a list that concatenatesthe rows in order. For each of the following alternative ways to represent a 2D matrixin OCaml:State the type T of the representation;Give a function create w m: int -> float list -> T that constructs thematrix of type T equivalent to the input flat list m with row width w;Give a function get r c m: int -> int -> T -> float that gets the element of the matrix m at row r and column c.State the asymptotic complexity of the get function in terms of W and H(a) A list of lists. [5 marks](b) An array of arrays. [6 marks](c) A functional array of functional arrays.  Computer Science Engineering & Technology C++ Programming ITAL 151 Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)

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