1. In a cohort study, the groups are compared on the basis of…

Question Answered step-by-step 1. In a cohort study, the groups are compared on the basis of… 1. In a cohort study, the groups are compared on the basis ofSelect one:a.age.b.disease status.c.exclusion criteria.d.exposure status.e.inclusion criteria.2. The _______ allows an investigator to answer the question, “Among the general population, how much of a total risk for fatal disease X is caused by exposure to Y? “Select one:a.Absolute risk.b.Odds ratio.c.Population attributable risk.d.Relative risk.e.Relative difference.3. The _______ is calculated by dividing the odds of exposure in a diseased group by the odds of exposure in the nondiseased group.Among the general population, what percentage of the total risk for CVA mortality is caused by hypertension?Select one:a.Absolute risk.b.Population attributable risk.c.Odds ratio.d.Relative risk.e.Absolute difference.4. If an investigator wanted to answer the question, among smokers, what percentage of the total risk for fatal lung cancer is caused by smoking? The necessary calculation is to compute the _______Select one:a.Odds ratio.b.Population attributable risk.c.Attributable risk percent.d.Risk ratio.e.Absolute difference.5. The _______ indicates the number of patients who would need to receive a specific type of treatment in order for one patient to benefit from the treatmentSelect one:a.Incidence density.b.Density ratio.c.Capacity odds.d.Number needed to treat.e.Critical event indicator.6. The basis for the ________ is similar to the number needed to treat, however, it is applied to negative effects or harms of treatment.Select one:a.Incidence density.b.Density ratio.c.Number needed to harm.d.Capacity odds.e.Critical event indicator.7. The impact of a _________on the total burden of any given disease can be measured in terms of attributable risk percentage for the exposed group or for the population in general.Select one:a.Attributable attribute.b.Population density factor.c.Risk factor.d.Critical indicators.e.Population variants.8. When a standard 2 × 2 table is used, the probability of true absence of disease in a patient who has a negative test result is expressed in which of the following formulasSelect one:a.a/(a + c).b.c/(a + c).c.d/(c + d).d.b/(c + d).e.c/(c = d).9. The term indicating the ability of a test to exclude disease when disease is truly absentSelect one:a.Accuracy.b.Bias.c.Precision.d.Specificity.e.Sensitivity.10. The ______ of a test is calculated as a/(a = c)Select one:a.Accuracy.b.Bias.c.Precision.d.Specificity.e.Sensitivity.11. As the sensitivity of a diagnostic test increases, which of the following generally occursSelect one:a.The cutoff point decreases.b.The false-negative error rate increases.c.The specificity increases.d.The statistical power decreases.e.The false-positive error rate increases12. The ________ is the probability that the condition is present given a positive test resultSelect one:a.Negative predictive value.b.Confirmatory test.c.Likelihood ratio positive.d.Positive predictive value.e.Prevalence rate.13. Elimination of as much as 80% of chronic disease could reliably be achieved with advancements inSelect one:a.Drug therapies toward better treatment.b.Vitamin and homeopathic supplementation.c.Imaging studies that are more accurate.d.Behavior modification toward healthier lifestyles.e.Enhanced surgical options for curative processes.14. What relevant contemporary changes have impacted historic definitions of chronic diseaseSelect one:a.Chronic diseases are always degenerative and incapacitating.b.Chronic diseases propagate largely due to inflammatory processes.c.The population is more obese and has more diabetes.d.Chronic diseases are now occurring with greater frequency at younger ages.e.There is far less chronic disease than there ever has been before.15. Plotting a child’s height and weight on a pediatric growth chart represents which of the followingSelect one:a.Primary prevention.b.Developmental delays.c.Insurance requirements.d.Tertiary prevention.e.secondary prevention.16. Which of the following is the most fundamental cause for the decline in infectious disease mortality in the United States in the 20thcenturySelect one:a.Vaccination.b.Antibiotic resistance.c.Socio economic conditions.d.Having a medical home.e.Having a primary care provider.17. The __________ is a means of assessing the degree to which agreement in paired data exceeds what would be expected by chance. Select one:a.0.18.b.Beta test statistic.c.Alpha test statistic.d.Kappa Test Ratio.e.Positive correlation coefficient.18. A kappa ratio between 0.60 and 0.80 (60%-80%) is usually considered _______ agreementSelect one:a.Poor.b.Fair.c.Moderate.d.Good.e.Excellent.19. A kappa ratio greater than 0.80 is considered _________agreement.Select one:a.Poor.b.Excellent.c.Fair.d.Moderate.e.Good20. Which of the following characterizes one of Haddon’s strategies to prevent an injury in the pre-event phaseSelect one or more:a.Provide protection for the host.b.Increase resilience of the host.c.Minimize the amount of agent present.d.Separate the agent from the host.e.Control release of the agent to minimize damage.f.(1 − sensitivity)g.(1 − specificity)  Health Science Science Nursing EPIDEMIOLO PBH 633 Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)