) The input stream is framed by a one byte frame pattern (0xF0)…

Question Answered step-by-step ) The input stream is framed by a one byte frame pattern (0xF0)… ) The input stream is framed by a one byte frame pattern (0xF0) every 256 bytes. However, the frame pattern may also appear at an arbitrary position in the input stream. It is required to design a framing circuit which generates two outputs: framelock, which is asserted when the circuit “believes” it has determined where the frame boundaries are, and frame pointer, which is asserted on the clock edge immediately after the frame marker is detected. The circuit “believes” itself to be locked to the frame structure when two successive frame patterns have been found 256 bytes (i.e. 2048 bits) apart. The circuit should not respond to unaligned frame patterns while it believes itself to be in lock or if, once in lock, it has missed fewer than two expected frame patterns. Draw a state diagram for the finite state control of the circuit. You may assume the existence of an 11-bit resettable counter. You should consider the process of assuming lock, maintaining lock and the accommodation of a single missed framing pattern. State explicitly any additional assumptions you make. [10 marks] (d) Outline the complexity in gates and flip flops for an implementation of the framing circuit.  (a) Design a 2-bit multiplier for unsigned integers which takes input x1 x0 representing the unsigned integer X, y1 y0 representing the unsigned integer Y , and produces the output z3 z2 z1 z0 representing the unsigned integer Z. [4 marks] (b) How can multipliers designed in part (a) be cascaded (with adders) to provide a four-bit multiplier? [4 marks] (c) Design a sequential 8-bit multiplier. You can assume that a 16-bit adder has been provided. The finite state control can be described by a state diagram. [8 marks] (d) Outline the design of a sequential divider which can divide 16-bit unsigned integers by 8-bit unsigned integers. In order to test the integrity of a network of ducting, engineers have developed an inspection device which can be introduced at a node and which then finds its way along a length of ducting to an adjacent node. In a particular case, eight nodes are sited at the vertices (corners) of a cube and 12 lengths of ducting are arranged along the edges of the cube. The inspection device is introduced at one node and equiprobably chooses one of the three lengths of ducting leading from that node for its first move. On arrival at the adjacent node the device equiprobably chooses one of the three lengths of ducting leading from that node (including the length it has just inspected). It continues in this fashion until the engineers stop its operation. Let An be the probability of the inspection device returning to the starting node after n moves, and deem A0 = 1. Let Dn be the probability of the inspection device visiting the node diagonally opposite the starting node after n moves. Clearly, D0 = 0. (a) Demonstrate that An = 0 for all odd n and that Dn = 0 for all even n. [4 marks] (b) Determine A2, A4 and A6 expressing all values as fractions Software engineering academics said for years that a significant percentage of largesoftware projects failed. In the run-up to Y2K, most of the world’s large companiesclaimed that fixing the Millennium Bug was a large project whose success wascritical to their survival. One would therefore expect many large companies tohave failed, but none did. Who was mistaken? (a) Most liquid crystal displays divide a pixel into three sub-pixels coloured red,green, and blue. Explain why this is so. [4 marks](b) Some liquid crystal displays divide a pixel into four sub-pixels coloured red,green, blue, and white. Explain why this might be useful, what advantages ithas, and what limitations it has. [6 marks](c) Compare and contrast half-toning and error diffusion. Include in your answeran explanation of the situations in which each is superior to the other.[6 marks](d) One method of anti-aliasing is to sample at high resolution, n × n higher thanthe final image, and then to average each block of n × n pixels to give a singlepixel value. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using(i) Gaussian blurring, and(ii) median filteringin place of simple averaging.  Describe the facilities in Modula-3 for defining generic interfaces and modules.[5 marks]Illustrate your answer by sketching a generic interface and implementation for aBag, that is, a collection of items of the same type (possibly including duplicates),implemented as an opaque object with insert and remove methods. [10 marks]The default Bag should be implemented as a stack, using a last-in first-out policy.Describe briefly alternative implementations providing specialisations of Bag to givea Queue (first-in first-out) and Set (ignoring duplicates). [5 marks]1 [TURN OVERCST.93.4.22 Common LispYou are asked by your manager to write a Lisp macro, itercall. Evaluating(itercall F E) evaluates E, which is expected to yield a non-negative integer n.It then executes the function calls (F 1), . . . , (F n) in succession, and returnsnil.(a) Your first version of the macro expands to a loop, which uses the symbol i asan index variable and the symbol n to store the initial value of E. Present thecode for this version. [5 marks](b) Your manager complains that the function(defun test1 (i) (itercall (lambda (x) (print (cons x i))) 10))does not work as expected. Explain the problem and suggest how to fix it bymodifying the macro. [4 marks](c) Your manager requests a final modification: (itercall F E) should generatestraight-line code instead of a loop provided E is an integer constant less thantwenty. Present the code for this version. Will it run faster than the previousversions? [11 marks]Note: (integerp x) tests whether x is an integer. Each time (gensym) is called,it returns a new symbol not previously used in the Lisp system.3 Software EngineeringGive a brief description of the main constructs used in a VDM specification.[7 marks]Discuss to what extent the notation used in VDM is significantly different fromthat used in a conventional programming language. [6 marks]Use VDM to specify a function that will find the difference between the largest andthe smallest values held in an integer array.  Sketch the basic hardware components of a personal computer (PC). [4 marks]Describe how these components operate to maximise the performance of themachine. [10 marks]How would you expect the design to change as the CPU power, the memory sizeand the input/output bandwidth increase over the next few years? [6 marks]3 Digital Communication IDescribe briefly both Synchronous and Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing(TDM). [4 marks]Describe four solutions to the problem of contention resolution in AsynchronousTDM. [12 marks]Which solution is adopted by Ethernet and what measures are taken to ensurestability in circumstances of high load? [4 marks]1 [TURN OVERCST.93.5.24 Graphics IA certain image contains a number Q of differently coloured pixels. There arenot enough different pixel values available to represent these and so a method ofapproximation is needed.Describe an approach and comment on its performance. [15+5 marks]SECTION B5 Programming in CYou have a C compiler which is ANSI conforming in all respects except that it hasno facility for the definition, declaration or use of standard C structures. Outlinea set of routines written in this language to provide a mechanism for handlingstructures.Your solution should contain the following:(a) function prototypes for each of the routines [10 marks](b) a few sentences describing the behaviour of each function [10 marks]Note: no code other than the prototypes is required.  java program to find if a particular element is present in a multi-dimensional array.Write  program that prompts the user to read two integers and displays their sum. Your program should prompt the user to read the number again if the input is incorrecta program that prompts the user for a string and stores the user’s string into a variable using getline(). After receiving the string, the program counts and displays the number of vowels in the string. Then, the program should prompt the user if they would like to enter another string. (a) Let L be the set of all strings over the alphabet {a, b} that end in a and do not contain the substring bb. Describe a deterministic finite automaton whose language of accepted strings is L. Justify your answer. [5 marks] (b) Explain what is meant by a regular expression r over an alphabet ? and by the language L(r) determined by r. [6 marks] If a regular expression r does not contain any occurrence of the symbol ?, is it possible for L(r) to be empty? [2 marks] Explain why it is always possible, given a regular expression r over ?, to find a regular expression ?r with the property that L(?r) is the set of all strings over ? that are not in L(r). Any standard results you use should be carefully stated, but need not be proved. [7 marks] 9 [TURN OVER CST.2003.2.10 10 Structured Hardware Design In a specialist data communication network, digital data is sent between nodes using air pressure in pipes. Each node has a small number of pipes leading to each of its near neighbours. Each pipe may be either at atmospheric pressure or at some slightly higher pressure under control of, and detected by, transducers, fitted at each end of every pipe. The time for a pressure change to propagate down a given pipe depends on the length of the pipe and can vary from 1 to 10 milliseconds. Variations in the manufacturing of the transducers can sometimes add up to a further millisecond to the time taken to change the pressure or detect that it has changed. For peer-to-peer data transfer, nine pipes run between each connected neighbour. They are used as eight data pipes and one clock pipe, with data on the eight data pipes being latched into a broadside register at the receiving end on each positive pressure change on the clock pipe. (a) Design a timing diagram for reliable, continuous data transfer between a pair of nodes. [5 marks] (b) What is the approximate, maximum, continuous data transfer rate achievable between adjacent nodes?A data packet structure is now imposed on the system, whereby packets of 8 bytes of data may be sent by a node to a neighbour from time to time. Pipes are used bi-directionally, but only changing direction between packets. All pipes are to be at atmospheric pressure when there is no data to send. (c) Suggest how the start and end of a packet can be determined.  Computer Science Engineering & Technology Networking J 30093 Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)