Subject: Accomodation Operations & Management Answer the following… Subject: Accomodation Operations & Management Answer the following que

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Subject: Accomodation Operations & Management Answer the following… Subject: Accomodation Operations & Management Answer the following questions:  1. What are the preparations you are doing for the limited face-to-face classes? 2. What are you looking forward in learning from the course? 3. What are your hindrances in accomplishing the requirements of the subject/course? 4. What can you contribute in Accomodation Operations & Management subject? Business Management Share QuestionEmailCopy link

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Birds do it, and bees do it. Indeed, researchers estimate that over 99.99% of eukaryotes do it, meaning that these organisms reproduce sexually, at least on occasion. But why is sexual reproduction so commonplace?People typically employ several arguments in their efforts to explain the prevalence of sexual reproduction. One such argument is that organisms engage in sex because it is pleasurable. However, from an evolutionary perspective, this explanation arrived only moments ago. The first eukaryotes to engage in sex were single-celled protists that appeared approximately 2 billion years ago, over 1.3 billion years before development of the first animals with neurons capable of assessing pleasure. These bacteria (as well as their modern counterparts) engaged in genetic exchange via processes such as conjugation, transformation, and transduction, all of which fall under the umbrella of parasexuality. Surely, pleasure was not in a bacterium's realm of experience.A second, more serious argument is that sex generates variable offspring upon which natural selection can act. This is one of the oldest explanations for sexual reproduction, tracing back to the work of German biologist August Weismann in the late 1800s. Although this explanation may very well account for why sexual reproduction is so commonplace, the explanation is far more subtle than many people realize for two reasons. First, sex does not always increase the variability among offspring. Second, producing more variable offspring is not necessarily favorable. In the next two sections, we describe these flaws in Weismann's explanation for sex, so that we can better understand the processes that help and those that hinder the evolution of sex.The Importance of Sexual ReproductionTo develop a better understanding of why sexual reproduction is so commonplace, it is helpful to start with an examination of some of the most common erroneous beliefs regarding the relationship between sex and natural selection, including those described in the following sections.Sex Does Not Always Generate More Variable OffspringMany people assume that sexual reproduction is critical to evolution because it always results in the production of genetically varied offspring. In truth, however, sex does not always increase variation. Imagine, for instance, the simple case of a single gene that contributes to height in a diploid organism; here, individuals with genotype aa are shortest, those with genotype Aa are of intermediate height, and those with genotype AA are tallest (Figure 1). Now, for the sake of argument, imagine that the shortest individuals can hide safely, the tallest individuals are too big to be eaten by predators, and the intermediate-height individuals are heavily preyed upon. Among those lucky few organisms who survive to reproduce, there will be a great deal of variation in height, with plenty of tall individuals and plenty of short individuals. What would sex accomplish in this case? Here, mating would bring the population back to Hardy-Weinberg proportions, producing fewer offspring at the extremes of height and more offspring in the middle. That is, sex would reduce variation in height, relative to a population that reproduces asexually.
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