PCI, used to connect I/O boards to a PC, has been replaced with…

Question Answered step-by-step PCI, used to connect I/O boards to a PC, has been replaced with… PCI, used to connect I/O boards to a PC, has been replaced with PCIe. Thistransition has resulted in parallel communication being replaced by bundles ofserial communication channels.(i) What is the difference between parallel and serial communication? Whyare multiple serial channels now preferred to a parallel link? [5 marks](ii) Why might the latency of a single load of a register on a PCIe device takelonger than on PCI?(a) A spy elects to use a self-synchronizing scrambler to encode his secret message.Explain why this will not give him any privacy and why his self-synchronisingapproach would be better used by a communications engineer. [5 marks](b) With the assistance of annotated diagrams explain CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA.In your explanation, note the physical constraints on packets and networks thatthese approaches impose. [10 marks](c) Consider the network buffer sizing formula B = 2T × C(i) Explain this formula. [2 marks](ii) Discuss the network architecture and traffic assumptions made in the useof this formula.  Describe five types of Intellectual Property. [5 marks](b) Describe five topics that might be in a Market Requirements Document.[5 marks](c) Giles Murchiston, a PhD student, has invented a new algorithm to control adog walking robot. He realises that his algorithm may have wider applicationsincluding driverless cars, factory and farm robots, drones, and uses such asdomestic robot lawnmowers or robot vacuum cleaners. Advise Giles on theexploitation of his idea.  Many systems for optical character recognition make use of convolutionalneural networks.(i) In what sense are such networks “convolutional”, and to what extent dothey recognise features independent of position? [3 marks](ii) Outline how such a network could be used to recognise the characters in ahigh resolution digital image of this examination question, and highlightwhich aspects of convolutional neural networks allow for efficient detectionand recognition. Assume that the network was trained to recognise onlyisolated instances of each of the characters. [4 marks](iii) Consider a convolutional neural network with input image size 29 × 29pixels where the first stage is a convolutional layer whose feature mapseach have 37 weights. The second stage of the network implements spatialsubsampling by a factor of 2 in each dimension, and this is followedby another convolutional layer (third stage) whose feature maps have26 weights each. How many neurons are there in each of the feature mapsof the third stage? [3 marks](iv) Why is handwriting recognition a more difficult problem than therecognition of printed text? (a) Give a definition of expected utility and explain why the concept is useful inthe context of decision-making. [2 marks](b) Give a definition of the value of perfect information and explain why theconcept is useful in the context of decision-making. [4 marks](c) A talented, but nervous, student has to sit a difficult and importantexamination. There are only two possible outcomes: pass or fail and thestudent attaches to these utilities of U(pass) = 106and U(fail) = ?108.Lacking in confidence, his beliefs are that Pr(pass|revise) = 0.55 andPr(pass|¬revise) = 0.2. Calculate the expected utility of the situationdescribed. [4 marks](d) The student finds what he believes might be a copy of this year’s examinationpaper, discarded by a careless examiner. He believes thatPr(pass|revise, thisYearsPaper) = 0.75However, should he be wrong thenPr(pass|revise, ¬thisYearsPaper) = 0.1as he will waste time learning to answer the wrong questions, because he willrevise from the wrong paper. Not revising impliesPr(pass|¬revise, thisYearsPaper) = 0.7However, should he be wrong thenPr(pass|¬revise, ¬thisYearsPaper) = 0.08He considers bribing somebody to tell him whether he has this year’s paper ornot; however, he thinks it is unlikely that he in fact has this year’s paper, andtherefore believes thatPr(thisYearsPaper) = 0.7Compute the value of perfect information associated with finding out whetherthe paper is the right one. Write  program that prompts the user to enter two strings and then displays a message indicating whether or not the first string starts with the second string.Write  program that prompts the user to enter in an integer number representing the number of elements in an integer array. Create the array and prompt the user to enter in values for each element using a for loop (a) Give  equation for finding the most probable sequence of part of speech(POS) tags that could be utilised by a stochastic POS tagger. You shouldassume a bigram model. [5 marks](b) Given the following training data, show the estimates that would be obtainedfor the probabilities in the equation you gave:the_DT0 green_AJ0 bottle_NN1 leaked_VVD ._PUN the_DT0suppliers_NN2 bottle_VVB water_NN1 ._PUN green_AJ0 water_NN1suppliers_NN2 bottle_VVB ._PUN[4 marks](c) Explain what is meant by the terms smoothing and backoff in the context ofstochastic POS tagging. [4 marks](d) One common source of errors in stochastic POS taggers is that nouns occurringimmediately before other nouns (e.g. catamaran trailer ) are often tagged asadjectives and, conversely, prenominal adjectives are often tagged as nouns(e.g. trial offer ). Suggest possible reasons for this effect. (a) Define what is meant by a variable being live at a program point, carefullydistinguishing versions based on program structure and I/O behaviour.Discuss these alternatives and their suitability for compilation using wordslike “decidable” and “safety”. [4 marks](b) Explain the difference between dead code and unreachable code, mentioningany analysis necessary to remove such code. [3 marks](c) Let q be an expression (whose only free variable is a) which always evaluates totrue although deducing this is beyond the power of a given compiler optimiser.Consider the functionint p(int a, int b, int c, int d, int e){ int x = a+b, y = a+c, z=0, r;if (a<5) { r = a+x; while (1) continue; z = a+d; }else if (q) { r = y; }else { r = a+e; }return r+z;}(i) Give the flowgraph for p (assuming it to have been translated as na¨?velyas possible). [3 marks](ii) Using your definition of liveness suitable for a compiler from part (a),give the set of variables live on entry to p, comparing this with livenessrequired by I/O behaviour. (a) Write a C function revbits() which takes a single 8-bit char parameter andreturns a char result by reversing the order of the bits in the char. [4 marks](b) Write a C function revbytes() taking two parameters and returning no result.The first parameter is a pointer to memory containing n contiguous bytes (eachof type char), and the second is the number of bytes. The function should havethe side effect of reversing the order of the bits in the n contiguous bytes, seenas a bitstring of length 8n. For example, the first bit of the first char should beswapped with last bit of the last char. [6 marks](c) You have been assigned the following seemingly working C code, which processesfiles controlling the behaviour of a system. You observe that, after obtainingseveral ERR_MALFORMED errors, subsequent calls to fopen fail due to too manyfiles being open:int process_file(char *name){ FILE *p = fopen(name, "r");if (p == NULL) return ERR_NOTFOUND;while (...){ ...if (...) return ERR_MALFORMED;process_one_option();...}fclose(p);return SUCCESS;}(i) Explain how to fix the program using facilities in C. [2 marks](ii) Now suppose the function above was part of a system written in C++ (butstill using the C file-processing commands such as fopen and fclose), andthat process_one_option() might raise one or more exceptions. Usinga class with a destructor, show how to fix the "too many files open" bugabove.    Image transcription textTheorem 19 (Euclid's Lemma) ForGaussian integers a, b, and c, clab and(a, c) ~ 1 = cb. Then we writ... Show more... Show more  Computer Science Engineering & Technology Networking COMPUTER S 231 Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)