Module 11: Immune Applications and Immune Disorders Part 1: Immune…

Question Answered step-by-step Module 11: Immune Applications and Immune Disorders Part 1: Immune… Module 11: Immune Applications and Immune DisordersPart 1: Immune Applications (Chapter 18)Principles of immunityDefine and give examples of the following:Naturally acquired active immunityNaturally acquired passive immunityArtificially acquired passive immunityArtificially acquired passive immunityVaccinesPrinciples and effects of vaccinationHow do vaccines provide protection against disease?Why is it so vital to have vaccines for viral pathogens?What is herd immunity and how does it offer protection to unvaccinated individuals?Safety of vaccinesHow did the fraudulent connection between autism and the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine fuel perceived dangers of vaccines?What is the safest and most effective way of preventing disease in children?Types of vaccines and their characteristics.Indicate the characteristics of the vaccine types listed below. Note the benefits and drawbacks of these different types:Live attenuated vaccinesInactivated vaccinesDiagnostic immunologyImmunologic-based diagnostic testsWhat is the importance of both sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of disease?Which of these two properties of the immune system suggested it as an aid in diagnosing disease?Monoclonal antibodiesWhat are monoclonal antibodies?Give some examples of how monoclonal antibodies can be used in diagnostics.What are some ways that monoclonal antibodies can be used therapeutically?Precipitation reactionsWhat is precipitating in these reactions?What is the zone of equivalence?Why do lattices fail to form when there is excess antibody? What about excess antigen?Agglutination reactionsWhat is the difference between precipitation and agglutination reactions?Diagram and explain a direct agglutination.Diagram and explain an indirect (passive) agglutination reaction that would test for antibodies in serum.Diagram and explain an indirect (passive) agglutination reaction that would test for antigens (such as streptococci).Fluorescent antibody testsHow do these work?Compare direct and indirect fluorescent antibody tests.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)Outline the steps that would be used to identify an antigen using direct ELISA:    Outline the steps that would be used to identify an antibody using indirect ELISA:    Which type of ELISA is used in home pregnancy tests? What is the antigen in these tests? Part 2: Immune Disorders (Chapter 17)Categories of immunologic disordersHypersensitivitiesAutoimmune disordersImmune deficiency disordersHypersensitivitiesType I HypersensitivityCharacteristicsTiming of responseTypes of antibodies involvedMechanismWhat happens in the first exposure to the allergen?What happens upon second exposure?What is the role of mediators in the hypersensitive response?Effects of hypersensitivitiesCompare systemic anaphylaxis with localized anaphylaxis:Common triggers of eachEffects on the bodyType II Hypersensitivity:CharacteristicsTiming of onset:What antibodies mediate these reactions?ExamplesTransfusion reaction (ABO blood type)What happens in a transfusion reaction?What triggers the production of anti-A and anti-B antibodies?What type of antibodies does someone with Type A blood carry?Someone with type B blood?Someone with type O blood?Someone with type AB blood?Why can transfusion reaction be deadly?How can transfusion reactions be prevented?Type III HypersensitivityCharacteristics:Timing of onset:What are immune complexes and how are they normally processed? What goes wrong with this process in Type III hypersensitivities?Effects on the body:Type IV HypersensitivityCharacteristicsTiming on onset:Immune cells involvedMechanismExamples of triggers:Autoimmune diseaseWhat are autoimmune diseases?What immune system function fails in the cases of autoimmune diseases?Examples:Immunodeficiencies, especially HIV/AIDS:Congenital v. acquired immunodeficiencyStructure of HIVDescribe the structure of HIVWhat is a retrovirus?PathogenicityWhat cells are targeted by HIV?What is the difference between HIV disease and AIDS?What are some diseases commonly associated with AIDS?What tests are available to diagnose HIV? How do they work?Treating HIVWhat are the main targets of anti-HIV drugs?What is HAART, and why is it so important to administer a combination of drugs?List the challenges to producing an HIV vaccine?Resources:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRLOCElE5KY.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QrPhcS1pFyU.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vE_NS3od9Sc.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjZPBx4p_k4.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pldXF_ZrJXk.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRPkrCuMscw.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOxBgjbVYGI.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJDlZCWMzoc.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5c3b3iHJrfw.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYZChGGnN3g. Biology Science Microbiology BIOSC MISC Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)