a) Give precise definitions of each of the following: (i) the…
Question Answered step-by-step a) Give precise definitions of each of the following: (i) the… a) Give precise definitions of each of the following: (i) the complexity class NP; (ii) polynomial-time reduction; and (iii) NP-complete problem. [3 x 2 marks] (b) An instance of a linear programming problem consists of a set X = {x1, . . . , xn} of variables and a set of integer constraints, each of which is of the form X 1?i?n aixi ? b, where each ai and b is an integer. The 0-1 Integer Linear Programming feasibility problem (ILP) is, to determine, given such a linear programming problem, whether there is an assignment of values from the set {0, 1} to the variables in X so that substituting these values in the constraints leads to all constraints being simultaneously satisfied. (i) Consider a clause c, i.e. a disjunction of Boolean literals. Show how such … Consider the standard 3 × 3 sliding blocks puzzle. 5 8 8 2 3 7 8 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 2 3 7 5 4 6 1 7 6 1 The aim is to find a sequence of moves that re-arranges the puzzle to the state shown on the right, where each move involves sliding a single square into the empty space. (a) Explain in detail how this problem can be treated as a planning problem by translating it into a Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem. Your answer should address the following issues, and in each case should provide specific examples of the SAT representation: (i) The representation of the start state and goal state. [4 marks] (ii) The representation of the relevant actions using successor-state axioms. [4 marks] (iii) The need for precondition axioms. [2 marks] (iv) The need for action-exShow that, subject to suitable encoding, any computation can be carried out by a Turing machine having only two states. [10 marks] 12 Software Engineering Compare and contrast the relative merits of Z and VDM as tools for specifying and developing large software systems(a) Explain what happens to the state space, the possible behaviours and the reachable state space when two automata are coupled. [3 marks] (b) The Banker’s Algorithm can be viewed as a predicate over shared state. What state does it operate over and does this include the program counter of the participating threads? When does it return true or false? [6 marks] (c) What is the difference between strict and non-strict isolation in a transaction processing system? What do both approaches ensure? Which can lead to a transaction abort being forced by the system and why? [3 marks] (d) “Increment and decrement operations are freely commutable” what two assumptions are required for this statement to hold? Is it true that the effects of transactions containing increment and decrement operations are always serialisable? [3 marks] (e) Customers interact with a transaction processing system over a web interface but confirmations are also sent by email, such as ‘please collect from your local branch’. be generated before, during, or after the process of committing the order transaction? What are the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches? Fully justify at least two design decisions in terms of system complexity and durability over a system crash. answer all(a) Describe the aspects of a fair market. [4 marks](b) Describe the settlement mechanism in a credit card transaction. [4 marks](c) Describe the functions of a currency and the challenges of implementingelectronic currencies. [4 marks](d) Discuss whether Bitcoin is better described as a currency, a bearer certificate orsomething else and what tests you would apply in making this determination. (a) (i) Describe the difference between relevance feedback and query expansion interms of user interaction. [2 marks](ii) Explain what we mean by equivalence classing of terms and why it is useful.Give one example of equivalence classing that can fail to retrieve the rightdocuments. [2 marks]Image transcription textYou are to create your own version of a string classnamed myString. myString will store a character stringof up to 25 characters (how will you hand… Show more… Show moreImage transcription textYou will also need to supply the following methods aspart of your class (must include a referencemethodStatus “status variable” p… Show more… Show more Computer Science Engineering & Technology Java Programming JAVA 521 Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)
